Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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fundamental factor determining its progress and implementation is the economic feasibility of the project. From the parks perspective, the project will be feasible if it can generate enough income to cover the costs of forest conservation while also providing some community benefits. Ideally however, the project will generate enough income to meet the basic funding requirements while also generating a profit that can be used to fund other park management areas. Carbon content calculation Carbon content was estimated from biomass calculations (Brown 1997; Brown and Lugo 1992; Hariah et al. 2001), (see Watson et al. 2008 for a detailed description).Once above ground biomass was determined, carbon content was calculated by assuming that the carbon concentration of biomass varies minimally between trees and tree components and that 50% of biomass is carbon (FAO, 2003). On carbon markets, carbon emission reductions are traded in units of carbon dioxide equivalents. Therefore, to translate carbon stock into CO we multiplied the tonnes of carbon per 2 hectare by the ratio of the molecular weight of carbon dioxide to that of carbon (i.e. 44/12) giving tCO /ha. 2 Teshome et al. (this edition) showed that the rate of deforestation in the Harenna forest was 1505 ha between 2000-2005 Although, this scenario will change as the new boundary of the park is agreed between stakeholders, more recent data is analysed and from anticipated standardisation of REDD methodologies in the near future, we used this rate as our basis for our project feasibility assessment. Taking this rate of deforestation and the above carbon content calculations each year 1,147,813 tCO are emitted from the Harenna forest within the park boundary. 2 Financial feasibility The financial feasibility of this project for the park was calculated using different models comprised of different percentages of avoided deforestation, assuming 1505 ha was 100%. For example 5% avoided deforestation would imply that 75 ha of forest were prevented from being deforested per year. Each avoided deforestation scenario was then modelled with three different prices per ton of carbon, $4, $6, and $20. The average price for carbon credits generated from Avoided Deforestation in 2008 was $6.3 per tCO e, ranging from $4 -$28 per tCO e (2009 Carbon Market Finance), 2 2 however, this price per tCO e has dramatically decreased in 2010 (Ecosystem Market Place 2010). 2 A detailed costing of forest conservation and project development were carried out in Kinahan (2009, 2010). The minimum costs needed to be covered by the project were project transaction costs taking into account 30% buffer costs, enforcement, monitoring and community and livelihood development costs. Once these costs were met only then was the remaining income modelled for revenue sharing. For the purpose of this analysis we modelled an equal tri-party revenue share (EWCA, OFWE and communities). However it should be noted that this is hypothetical only and in reality, the details of how such revenue is to be shared has not yet been finalised. Figure 1 shows that excluding revenue sharing, the park must avoid approximately 12% deforestation at $4 per tCO 7% at $6 per tCO or any amount at $20 per tCO in order to breakeven 2, 2 2 <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 300
or meet the minimum costs necessary for project implementation. Annual Income (USD$) 2,000,000 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 $4 $6 $20 COST Breakeven Point $6 Breakeven Point $4 75 151 226 301 376 Area conserved per year (ha) Figure 1. Figure showing the total area of forest need to be conserved per annum depending on price received per ton of carbon, in order for the park to break even financially (including 10% discount rate and 30% buffer costs) A financial forecast over the project lifespan was also carried out. Here we assumed a 20 year project lifespan. Typically if the forecast shows negative equity or a decrease in profits over the years then it is usually deemed an unfeasible business opportunity. However in the case of carbon REDD projects, payment is usually periodically and so income is not typically received on an annual basis. Thus, in this instance it made more sense to examine the cumulative total. Keeping in mind that the main aim of this REDD project is to meet the costs of forest conservation while also providing income from revenue sharing, our forecast model showed that to achieve these objectives over the 20 year project life span, a minimum of 25%, 15% and less than 5% of avoided deforestation would be necessary per year at $4, $6 and $20 per ton of carbon dioxide respectively. Modelling the different scenarios shows that at 15% avoided deforestation (226 ha per year) receiving $20 per tCO , would result in a cumulative profit (i.e. once costs have been met over project lifetime) for 2 the BMNP and the other stakeholders of over $6 million each (Table 1) or 25% AD at $6 per tCO2, resulting in ETB 2.2m profit per stakeholder Taking into account the funds for forest protection and the profit to the park following revenue sharing, both these scenarios (15%/$20 and 25%/$6) could actually meet the annual funding requirements of optimal and critical GMP implementation respectively, as costed in the BMNP Business Plan (Kinahan 2010). Market analysis and competitive advantage In 2008, the voluntary carbon market almost doubled from 2007 with $705 million worth of GHG <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 301
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322: through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324: The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326: anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328: spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330: IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332: Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334: and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336: http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338: Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340: If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342: • Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344: • Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346: Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348: I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350: Publication Financially Supported b
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