Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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comparison we see the rarest land cover class is glades, covering a mere 1-3% over the study period (Table 2). It is clear that distinct vegetation zoning occurs depending on altitudinal range (Fig. 3). In areas of higher elevation the landscape is dominated by Afroalpine vegetation containing pasture, shrubland–grassland, woodland and Erica, whereas the lower altitudinal belts are largely covered by tropical montane forest. A sharp cline in vegetation types is observed down the steep escarpment throughout the central belt of the study area. Here shrubland cover becomes Erica forest which lower down becomes montane forest. This variability in land cover classes occurs within a distance of 10 km and from an altitude of 3200 m a.s.l. to 2000 m a.s.l. Figure 3. Maps showing the Land cover of the study area prepared by supervised classification for (A) 1973, (B) 2000 and (C) 2005 SHR-GL-PAS PAS HEL ESH EF OWL MF GLA <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 124
Table 2. Table showing the area for each land cover class and its percentage coverage of total park area in each of the years examined. Land Area Cover (km 2 Percentag Area ) e (km 2 Percentag Area ) e (km 2 1973 2000 2005 Percentag ) e EF 265.65 11.89 239.33 10.71 208.94 9.35 ESH 265.91 11.9 236.73 10.59 206.43 9.24 GLA 23.69 1.06 45.57 2.04 68.88 3.08 HEL 134.71 6.03 219.98 9.84 211.5 9.46 MF 996.69 44.6 952.32 42.61 877.03 39.24 OWL 97.54 4.36 53.6 2.4 47.6 2.13 PAS 120.15 5.38 133.6 5.98 273.79 12.25 SHR-GL- PAS 330.56 14.79 353.79 15.83 340.74 15.24 Accuracy assessment Results showed that accuracy varied depending on acquisition of date of the image, spatial resolution and relative area of the land cover. Generally, we found that the accuracy increased the more recent the image with an overall accuracy of 81%, 92% and 97% for the year 1973, 2000 and 2005 respectively because the ground truthing points collected in 2007 better represented the image closest in time. Of the land cover classes montane forest appeared to be the most accurately classified and woodlands the least (Table 3) mainly as a result of their respective spatial homogeneity. Moreover, the relatively lower accuracy for the forest in 1973 may be attributed to the effect of spatial resolution of the images (Table 1). Table 3. Table showing the kappa coefficient and hence classification accuracy for each land cover class in each of the years studied. Land cover change Kappa Coefficient Land cover class Name 1973 2000 2005 ESH 0.94 0.97 1 HEL 0.64 1 0.91 PAS 0.65 0.93 1 OWL 0.43 0.85 0.69 EF 0.75 0.85 1 MF 0.99 1 1 GLA 0.71 0.8 1 SHR-GL-PAS 0.82 0.99 0.98 Overall Kappa Coefficient 0.77 0.9 0.96 Overall Classification Accuracy 0.82 0.92 0.97 Results show that all land cover classes exhibited some degree of change over the study period (Table 4). Pasture changed the most (from 5.3% in 1973 to 12.2% in 2005), followed by Woodland <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 125
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118: Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
Page 119 and 120: A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124: elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126: Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128: and managing natural resources and
Page 129 and 130: The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131: The ground-truthing points made up
Page 135 and 136: Table 5. Description of patchiness
Page 137 and 138: Acknowledgments This study was fund
Page 139 and 140: Characteristics and Origins of Glad
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1. Map with the approximate
Page 143 and 144: Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
Page 147 and 148: Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150: There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174: it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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