Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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the flattery doesn’t end there: donors go weak in the knees to see progress reports with interesting analyses and their logos pasted on it. Showing actions and promising developments of money well spent is the easiest way into a benefactor’s pockets. Reporting also provides an important feedback loop; measuring, analyzing, making a decision, taking action, and re-measuring. Feedback loops are also a good way of cleaning your data. If you are constantly using your data and querying it, you will be verifying it as you proceed. Establishing reporting schedules and outlines greatly assists in kick starting a database into action. For instance, having a simple one page monthly report from the ecology department means that by the end of each month the rainfall data must be entered. A more detailed quarterly report ensures that trends are analyzed, summary statistics are calculated, and activities are prioritized. In the annual report, threats are highlighted based on the information collected, future actions are recommended, and a budget is proposed. Insisting on reports has the added benefit that people learn how to maintain the data and have the opportunity to review their work. Sometimes people lose interest in collecting or summarizing data, especially if it is tedious. Often the best incentives are individual recognition for outstanding work. Everyone enjoys praise particularly when they have gone an extra mile. And chances are, people will be willing to go the extra mile again if their efforts have been recognized. Small useful gifts such as rechargeable torches, leathermans, thermos flasks, or solar panels for top rangers provide a sense of pride and achievement. It also builds commitment and a feeling of reciprocity. Here are some simple ideas that get information flowing: (1) Compile a searchable list of publications in a reference managing software package (such as EndNote or Reference Manager) that pertain to the park. Put it onto a CD along with the digital copies of the articles, books, progress reports, and gray literature for distribution. This is the easiest way to provide people with information. (2) Compile GIS base layer information on a CD for distribution to collaborators. The CD can be distributed for free, or in exchange for additional information. Trading is a great way of increasing your data pool. (3) Design a website with contacts of collaborators, sources of information, free downloads, training materials and donor sites (for example look at www.serengetidata.org). Conclusion Designing and implementing a database can be a daunting task, however the best databases are the ones that have the capacity to grow. Clearly, compiling a large comprehensive database is far too much for any one person to do and therefore collaboration is imperative. Starting simply with the contacts of collaborators and stakeholders is probably the best launching point. Data swapping, linking databases, and historical data (particularly in the form of photos and field notes) can be an excellent way to add to a database with minimal effort, and it also encourages support and awareness. The database should grow to fill its requirements, and should be closely linked to the threats facing the park, as well as its objectives outlined in the General Management Plan. Collecting additional data should be determined primarily by the level of detail required to answer the questions, the <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 318
spatial and temporal extent of the processes you want to measure, and the time, effort, and resources that can be dedicated to collect the data. Information that is used on routine basis, such as base GIS layers and published literature should be made easily accessible on CDs or downloadable over the Internet as it encourages people to work in the park and to contribute to the data pool. Reporting is an imperative and often overlooked component of a database because it promotes communication between departments through feedback loops. Good reporting also provides motivation to continue collecting data and by using the data it is constantly getting checked and cleaned. Compiling data most importantly provides sound scientific principles to understanding ecosystems processes, prioritizing future activities for a park, and ensuring the long-term conservation of protected areas. References Dublin, H. T., Sinclair, A. R. E. and McGlade, J.1990. Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Serengeti-Mara Tanzania woodlands. Journal of Animal Ecology, 59:1147-1164. Hilborn, R., Arcese, P., Borner, M., Hando, J., Hopcraft, G., Loibooki, M., Mduma, S., and A. R. E. Sinclair. 2006. Effective enforcement in a conservation area. Science, 34:1266. Loibooki, M., Hofer, H. Campbell, K. L. I. and East, M. L.2002. Bushmeat hunting by communities adjacent to the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania: the importance of livestock ownership and alternative sources of protein and income. Environmental Conservation, 29:391-398. Metzger, K. L., Sinclair, A. R. E., Campbell, K. L. I. Hilborn, R.. Hopcraft, J. G. C ., Mduma, S. A. R. and Reich, R. M.2007. Using historical data to establish baselines for conservation: The black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) of the Serengeti as a case study. Biological Conservation: 139:358-374. Packer, C., Pusey, A. E., Rowley, H., Gilbert, D. A., Martenson, J., and Obrien, S. J. 1991. Case Study of a Population Bottleneck Lions of the Ngorongoro Crater Tanzania. Conservation Biology, 5:219-230. Pearsall, W. H. 1959. Report on an ecological survey of the Serengeti. Oryx, 4:71-136. Sinclair, A. R. E., Ludwig, D. and Clark, C. W. 2000. Conservation in the real world. Science, 289:1875-1875. Sinclair, A. R. E., Mduma, S. A. R. and Arcese, P. 2002. Protected areas as biodiversity benchmarks for human impact: agriculture and the Serengeti avifauna. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 269:2401-2405. Sinclair, A. R. E., Mduma, S. A. R., Hopcraft, J. G. C.. Fryxell, J. M., Hilborn, R. A. Y. and Thirgood, S. 2007. Long-Term Ecosystem Dynamics in the Serengeti: Lessons for Conservation. Conservation Biology, 21:580-590. Walters, C. J. 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. New York, Macmillan. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 319
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322: through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324: The moral of these stories are that
Page 325: anger based monitoring system is a
Page 329 and 330: IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332: Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334: and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336: http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338: Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340: If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342: • Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344: • Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346: Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348: I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350: Publication Financially Supported b
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