Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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S. Rocky H. citrispinum/Artemisia/Kniphofia grassland Rocky shrublands with tall, diverse vegetation. The dominant shrub species is variously A. haumannii, K. foliosa, H. citrispinum, A. afra and H. splendidum. The ground cover is largely grasses, with little bare soil. T. Rocky Helichrysum grassland Distributed at similar altitudes to T, this class differs in having more bare soil and grass, and a higher frequency of Helichrysum species in the shrub layer. It is the dominant vegetation in the plain to the east of Morebawa hill, including Kerenza valley. u. Alchemilla abyssinica pasture Alchemilla abyssinica is present throughout the Bale Mountains alpine zone, but is most prevalent in class U. The low density of grasses and additional presence of A. pedata mean that Alchemilla dominates the ground layer. Associated species are Carduus camaecephalus, Salvia merjame and Trifolium sp. This class has a low proportion of rocks, and occasional K. foliosa and Helichrysum bushes. V. Grass pasture Representing the grass-dominated pastures found on low-lying flat ground, gentle slopes and mesa tops, this class is characteristic of the Web Valley. It has the highest occurrence of Salvia merjame and, like the Alchemilla pasture, is highly seasonal, desiccating through the dry season and exhibiting a flush of green growth as the rains begin. W. Alchemilla pedata drainage lines and swamp edges Class W has the highest proportion of open water, and the highest cover of three taxa which prefer waterlogged soils: A. pedata, H. rueppelli and Ranunculus sp. The prevalence of Urtica simense may be associated with high grazing levels in these seasonally productive pastures. Table 4. Comparing plant species composition of clusters at each node. See Figure 2 for nodes and Table 3 for species abbreviations. Species in bold are significantly more abundant, species in italics are significantly less abundant than expected, i.e. standardised residuals (SR) >2 or
Node Clusters Species in 1st cluster 16 P-V vs W AA AT AP HC hr LI rA uS 17 P-T vs U-V AA AP Ah AT CC Cm EP GR hC hG hr hS LI mO PA SM KF TS 18 P-q vs R-T AP AT CC Cm hr HS LI PA SM rA TS uS 19 P vs q AT EP hC KF SM hG 20 R vs S-T AA Ah EP HC HR 21 S vs T AT EP 22 U vs V AA Ah AP GR HD HG LI MO KF SM uS Table 5. Substrate and cover characteristics of the land cover classes. See Table 3 for class names Class % cover % rock % water Mean height (mm) Shrub : ground cover D & E 68.1 16.4 0 38 0.40 F 77.9 14.5 1.1 50 0.23 G 75.0 9.3 0 46 0.29 H 82.9 10.8 0.5 59 0.28 I 72.8 6.0 1.7 36 0.38 J 59.0 4.3 2.7 32 0.15 K, L & M 73.8 21.3 5.0 119 0.09 N & O 83.8 13.6 0 46 0.33 P 78.6 8.9 5.2 66 0.17 q 80.6 4.3 2.2 146 0.13 R 80.8 6.7 0 116 0.32 S 82.9 12.8 0.1 85 0.41 T 83.0 13.8 0.5 47 0.32 U 79.8 2.8 0.6 47 0.17 V 77.1 4.2 0.2 36 0.08 W 63.2 0.7 15.7 50 0.05 Table 6. Substrate and cover characteristics of the land cover classes. See Table 3 for class names Class % cover % rock % water Mean height (mm) Shrub : ground cover D & E 68.1 16.4 0 38 0.40 F 77.9 14.5 1.1 50 0.23 G 75.0 9.3 0 46 0.29 H 82.9 10.8 0.5 59 0.28 I 72.8 6.0 1.7 36 0.38 J 59.0 4.3 2.7 32 0.15 K, L & M 73.8 21.3 5.0 119 0.09 N & O 83.8 13.6 0 46 0.33 P 78.6 8.9 5.2 66 0.17 q 80.6 4.3 2.2 146 0.13 R 80.8 6.7 0 116 0.32 S 82.9 12.8 0.1 85 0.41 T 83.0 13.8 0.5 47 0.32 U 79.8 2.8 0.6 47 0.17 V 77.1 4.2 0.2 36 0.08 W 63.2 0.7 15.7 50 0.05 <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 109
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 119 and 120: A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124: elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126: Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128: and managing natural resources and
Page 129 and 130: The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131 and 132: The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Table showing the area for
Page 135 and 136: Table 5. Description of patchiness
Page 137 and 138: Acknowledgments This study was fund
Page 139 and 140: Characteristics and Origins of Glad
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1. Map with the approximate
Page 143 and 144: Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
Page 147 and 148: Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150: There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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