Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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ecosystems were degraded through rebel force occupation and return of displaced communities into neglected National Parks and sanctuaries. The end of political suppression initiated countrywide economic reform focussed on poverty alleviation through improved agricultural productivity (Abrar et al. 2004). Exacerbating the environmental impact of political instability, this agricultural development-led industrialisation saw large-scale conversion of Ethiopia’s natural forests to agricultural land for small productivity gains (Pender and Gebremedhin 2006). The government ban on private ownership of land further compounded effects with uncertainty of land tenure disincentivising a largely rural population to maintain ecosystem quality, and farmers to invest in productivity improvements decreasing land requirements. The Bale Mountains Eco-region exemplifies this history, providing a substantial array of ecosystem goods and services, the economic values of which have either not been protected or not reflected in historical management decisions. This misallocation of resources and a rising population has resulted in widespread exploitation, with rural communities deforesting to procure land for crops and livestock grazing (BESMP 2006; OARDB 2007). Livelihoods Primarily agro-pastoral, the Bale Mountains communities are dependent on the ecosystem for their livelihoods. All household members are involved in crop cultivation through distinct land plots or home gardens. Livestock rearing, the original subsistence system in Bale, serves a variety of purposes including meat and milk products, manure, draught power, transport and skins. Livestock are also important for social status, playing a role in marriage, dispute settlement and ritual performances (BMDC 2003). Households also engage in the harvesting of forest products including firewood, materials for construction, and where local conditions allow, forest honey and coffee. This study defines forest products as the array of natural products that can be harvested from natural areas and includes products that are not explicitly found in forested areas. Economic value This study takes a utilitarian definition of value where preferences are held for different market and non-market goods, and trade-offs made between goods in the pursuit of maximum wellbeing reveal the values held for each good (Freeman 2003). In a monetary metric, this translates to the consumer’s willingness-to-pay for a particular benefit, or in some cases willingness-to-accept compensation for a loss. Under this anthropocentric approach, environmental values can be classified within the framework of total economic value (Pearce and Warford 1993) and within this framework the Bale Mountains Eco-region provides many ecosystem goods and services (Table 1). These values extend to many beneficiaries in multiple forms and there is no clear boundary for economic valuation in the Bale Mountains Eco-region. This study concentrates on the annual direct consumptive use value derived by the local communities, recognising that other sources of value are likely to be considerable. Reliant on the ecosystem for their livelihoods, these local communities will first experience the rising costs of ecosystem degradation and are also those most heavily impacted by future policy change and management in the region. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 184
Table 1. Ecosystem goods and services contributing to TEV in the Bale Mountains Eco-region Methods Total Economic Value use Values Non-use Values Direct use Indirect use Option For others Existence Domestic Water Forest Products L i v e s t o c k Rangelands Medicinal Plants Cropland Ground water recharge Flood control Drought control C a r b o n Sequestration Soil formation & Maintenance Pharmaceuticals Genetic library Habitats Biodiversity Species Habitats T r a d i t i o n a l livelihoods Culture & heritage Prevention of irreversible change Endemic species Habitat types & landscapes Ritual or spiritual connections Fuelwood collection Waste assimilation C o n s t r u c t i o n Materials Honey Production Water purification Pest & Disease Control Coffee Production Pollination Recreation Storm protection Tourism Shade Research Education Wind shelter Market valuation The economic value of the ecosystem contribution to household production was quantified through market-value methods (OECD 2002). The use of market prices is widely acceptable and understood, producing a conservative estimate of value due to the exclusion of consumer surplus in market prices. Household produce in Bale is both consumed at home and sold, and all products are available in competitive, unrestricted markets. Prices are, therefore, assumed to be market driven and imperfections minimal; prices reflect the full opportunity cost of production inputs (Bishop 1999). By accounting for human production inputs we can infer the value of the environmental input, or the direct consumptive use value, accrued through the key livelihood sources. Crop produce is primarily consumed within the household with excess and cash crops sold locally. The Bale Mountains Ecosystem provides water, sunlight, pollinators, and wind shelter for crop growth and rich soils providing nutrients and regulating water flow. As land is state owned no capital costs are associated with its use, but market price of crop yields does include environmental and human inputs. Assessing the difference between the total value of crop yield and the costs of equipment, fertiliser, seeds and household labour, we can infer the value of the environmental input. The environment also supports the health and reproduction of household’s domestic livestock. In particular, through access to commonly owned grazing areas and rivers. Without data on the grazing requirements of livestock a simple commercial approach is taken giving a lower bound estimate of the value conferred by ecosystem goods and services. Only the sale of live animals and home consumption is considered. Sources of value such as draught power and transport are <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 185
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1. Map with the approximate
Page 143 and 144: Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
Page 147 and 148: Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150: There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174: it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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