Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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females contributed more than any other wolves, dominant males came second, and non-breeding males contributed on average the least food. When the net contribution rate was considered (i.e. food items contributed minus items eaten by the individual helper), breeding females were still the most generous individuals, followed by subadult females, which contributed more than any other non-breeder. Table 2. Individual contributions of Ethiopian wolves to cooperative pup-care in relation to reproductive status, sex, and age during 2,115h of den observations. Values are mean ± SD. Sample size was 17 breeding males, 18 breeding females, 49 non-breeding adult males, 11 non-breeding adult females, 16 subadult males and 12 subadult females. Baby-sitting measured as the percentage of observation time in which individuals of a given category were present within 200m of the den. Feeding measured in number of solid food items (i.e. whole rodents or regurgitations) contributed per hour. Breeders Non-breeders Behaviour/Age male Female males Females mean ± SD mean ± SD mean ± SD mean ± SD Babysitting Visits per hour: Adults 1.9 ± 0.6 2.6 ± 0.7 1.1 ± 0.7 1.3 ± 1.2 Subadults 1.3 0.7 1.6 ± 1.1 Percentage of time: Adults 17.3 ± 8.6 23.6 ± 11.4 11.4 ± 9.5 11.4 ± 9.5 Subadults 8.6 ± 8.4 11.1 ± 8.8 Grooming rate: Adults 0.04 ± 0.05 0.06 ± 0.06 0.02 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.08 Subadults 0.03 ± 0.04 0.03 ± 0.05 Food Provisioning Hourly total food contribution: Adults 0.06 ± 0.05 0.12 ± 0.09 0.03 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.06 Subadults 0.03 ± 0.03 0.06 ± 0.07 Hourly net food contribution Adults 0.05 ± 0.04 0.10 ± 0.08 0.02 ± 0.03 0.04 ±0.04 Subadults 0.02 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.04 The prediction of a positive correlation between the total amount of food delivered to the pups, and the number of non-breeding helpers present was not supported in this study, since the presence of helpers did not increase feeding frequency at the den (r = 0.18, n = 7, P > 0.05). However, s while the total food-provisioning rate did not increase significantly with the number of contributors to the den, the share contributed by non-breeding helpers did do so. Food contributions by nonbreeders were accompanied by reduced parental input in pup rearing - reducing food contributions by the dominant male (r = -0.63, n = 7, P > 0.05) and female (r = -0.85, n = 7, P < 0.05) - and hence s s a reduction in energy expenditure by the breeding pair (Fig. 3). <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 72
Mean feeding rate (contributions/hour) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 Number of helpers dominant pair non-breeders Figure 3. Rate of feeding pups (contribution of solid foods per hour) by the dominant pair in relation to the number of non-breeder helpers. Pup survival Between one and six pups emerged from each breeding den, and the observed average litter size for 20 litters born between 1988 and 1991 was 4.1 ± SE 0.36. While there was no significant difference in litter size between years (F = 1.10, P = 0.379), the presence of an additional nursing female (3,16) at the den was associated with smaller litter size (see Allo-suckling below). The number of pups emerging from the den was not significantly correlated with the number of adults and subadults at the den (r = -0.26). The hypothesis that the number of non-breeding helpers enhances the reproductive s output of the group was not supported either. Pups survival at emergence was not correlated with the number of non-breeding helpers (r = -0.26, n = 20, P > 0.05), nor was survival at whelping (r = s s -0.28, n = 20, P > 0.05). Similarly, there was no significant correlation with survival at six months, one or two years and the number of non-breeding helpers. Marino (2003b) looked at relationships between wolf group size and reproduction or survival in a time series between 1988 and 2000 and confirmed the absence of a simple, direct relationship between them. Instead, wolf density within territories appears to be negatively correlated to the number of pups emerging from the den and pup survival and the survival of adults at the population level correlates with density. Intriguingly, Tallents (2007) studied a subset of packs and found litter size from emergence to 11 months was correlated with the number of adult males in the pack, potentially through their role in securing high quality territories. There may be other effects mediated by prey availability, with the impact of helpers possibly only being felt when times are hard. Between weaning and ten months, juvenile survival was strongly correlated with the extent of high quality foraging habitat, a pattern probably mediated through access to high prey densities for the provisioning adults and subadults, and also through the juveniles’ own foraging success as <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 73
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32: Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34: of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36: Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60: populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118: Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
Page 119 and 120: A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124: elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126: Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128: and managing natural resources and
Page 129 and 130: The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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