Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Extra pack copulations and multiple paternity During the short mating season, the dominant female exercises choice in accepting when and with which male she mates. Of 30 observed instances of mating that involved copulation between 1988 and 1992, only nine (30%) took place with males from the female’s pack, whereas the other 21 (70%) involved males from other packs (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 1996a, Fig. 2). Within packs, females copulated only with the dominant male and rejected all mating attempts by lower ranking males (Sillero-Zubiri 1994; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 1996a). In contrast, mate choice with regard to male status was not apparent when a female courted and mated with outside males. Microsatellite DNA analysis has confirmed the occurrence of multiple-paternity in litters (Gottelli et al. 1994; Randall et al. 2007) and extra-pack paternity (EPP) accounted for 28% of all resolved paternities, occurring in 45% of litters (Randall et al. 2007). Multiple and extra-pack paternity suggest that extra-pack copulations (EPCs) are an important reproductive (or fitness) tactic for both male and possibly female wolves. Extra-pack and multiple-paternity may rival male philopatry and female-biased dispersal in importance as an outbreeding mechanism in a situation where habitat constraints impede dispersal. An alternative, but non-exclusive, explanation may be the prevention of infanticide from neighbours (Wolff and Macdonald 2004) who, in this competitive milieu, could benefit by killing the offspring of neighbouring packs. Percentage of observations 100 80 60 40 20 0 alpha beta other Intra-pack males copulations (n=30) rejects (n=46) alpha beta other Extra-pack males Figure 2. Frequency with which Ethiopian wolf females were observed in sexual encounters with males from their packs or neighbouring packs. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 70
Cooperative Breeding Role of helpers at the den Studies of wolf social behaviour conducted during 1988-1992 included detailed observations of behaviour at 20 dens where pups emerged. In those, all wolves helped to rear the litter of the dominant female, guarding the den, chasing potential predators, and regurgitating or carrying rodent prey to feed the pups (Sillero-Zubiri 1994). Given the high degree of relatedness among group members (Randall et al. 2007), subordinate wolves may increase the indirect component of their inclusive fitness by acting as helpers or, if competition within the group is intense, subordinates may be induced to help as a ‘payment’ for remaining in the territory. Ethiopian wolf males tend to help throughout their lives and never disperse; the dominant male at least shared paternity, whereas subordinate males appear generally to have no probability of fathering the pups, nevertheless they still help. Subordinate females help more intensely than do males for one or two years before dispersing or inheriting the breeding position. The balance of costs and benefits to all participants in a cooperative breeding system have been widely debated (e.g., Solomon and French 1997). One aspect of the debate is whether groups containing many helpers deliver more food and care to the young than do smaller groups. The development of the young wolves is divisible into three broad stages (Sillero-Zubiri 1994). First, early denning (birth to four weeks) when the pups are confined to the den and are entirely dependent on milk. Second, mixed nutritional dependency (week five to week 11) when milk is supplemented by solid foods such as rodents provisioned by all pack members until pups are completely weaned. And third, post-weaning dependency (week 12 to six months) when the pups subsist almost entirely on solid foods supplied by breeders and non-breeding helpers. Juveniles are considered independent after six months, when they cease receiving appreciable quantities of food from adults. Juvenile become subadults and are ‘recruited’ at one year of age. Although the mother and putative father spend more time at the den on average than do other wolves, some non-breeders spend more time at the den than do the breeders themselves. The proportion of time pups were left unattended declined significantly as the number of helpers in the pack increased. Pack size may thus influence anti-predator behaviour, because baby-sitters were active in deterring and chasing potential predators. Unattended young might be taken by spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta, domestic dogs, honey badgers Melivora capensis and eagles Aquilla verreauxi, A.rapax. On the other hand, no evidence has been found that increases in pack size result in measurable increases in numbers of pups at any age. In the original 1982-1992 study observations were made of nine wolf packs during the breeding season to quantify the amount of solid food provisioned to pups. Non-maternal food provisioning for 17 litters constituted 67% of feedings observed other than nursing. Independent of the number of donors, there were significant differences in the rate of food contributions per hour by individuals of different breeding status, sex or age (F = 9.08, P < 0.0001; Table 2). Breeders (5,119) contributed significantly more food than did non-breeders, and females more than males. Breeding <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 71
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
Page 27 and 28: feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32: Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34: of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36: Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60: populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118: Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
Page 119 and 120: A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124: elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126: Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128: and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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