Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Results Socio-demographics The sample population (the total number of people reported as living within households, summed over all survey sites) was predominantly Oromo, the politically dominant ethnicity in the country. It was also young and un-schooled, with over 60% under the age of 18 and less than 50% having completed, or currently undertaking, any education. Average household size was 7.38 ± 0.25 individuals. Focus groups revealed that rural job opportunities were extremely limited and, when available, male dominated with meagre wages. Crop and livestock management were the primary day-to-day activities with few households involved in trading or service provision. With minimal alternative wage earning opportunities, household labour inputs in crop production, livestock rearing and forest product harvesting were assumed negligible. Crop production Crops were grown by 96% of households with Maize, tef (a robust cereal crop) and fruits dominating low altitude agriculture and barley and root crops dominating at higher altitudes. Seed inputs were low, or averted by collection from previous years; purchased seed varied between 0.33 and 25 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per kilogram (US$1 = ETB9.0745 at time of study). Fertiliser application was either absent, minimal due to lack of finance, or manure based. The use of livestock manure was reported in two study kebeles and diammonium phosphate (costing 4 ETB/kg) use for barley crops reported rarely in a single kebele. Equipment costs were also minimal with livestock used for ploughing and farm tools made from forest products. High levels of precipitation preclude the need for irrigation schemes and 93% of households stated rain as the source of crop water. As the level of inputs to secure production is minimal, the direct consumptive use value deriving from crops is estimated as the market value of household crop yield. Mean household crop value was found to be 10,507 ± 658 ETB per annum (median = 8,109). The range of crop values were large from 0 to over 44,000 ETB and significant differences were found between study sites (Fig. 2a; F(3,181) = 7.78, p < 0.001). Livestock production Cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, sheep and goats, were kept by 99% of households for destructive (skins, selling and meat), and non-destructive (transport, ploughing, reproduction, milk) purposes. Livestock inputs were minimal with medicinal costs constrained to, at most, annual cattle vaccinations (0.30 ETB per animal) and ill livestock often slaughtered rather than treated. Additional feed provision was reported in 81% of livestock owning households but was largely a product or by-product of agriculture. Only oil-seed cake and salt were purchased at low cost (2.20 ETB and 0.8 ETB per kg, respectively). Assessment of the marketed livestock products revealed a mean livestock value of 2,065 ± 148 ETB (median = 1,668) ranging from 0 to 9,020 ETB (Fig. 2b; F(3,180) = 2.45, p = 0.0652). <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 188
2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Chiri (n=45) Rira (n=46) Fassil (n=44) Hora Soba (n=50) 2(b) Livestock Rearing HH Livestock Value 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Chiri (n=45) Rira (n=47) Fassil (n=48) Hora Soba (n=50) 2(c) Forest Product Harvesting HH Forest Product Value 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Chiri (n=45) Rira (n=50) Fassil (n=50) Hora Soba (n=50) Figure 2. Mean Household Direct Consumptive Use Value (ETB) from (a) Crop Production, (b) Livestock Rearing, and (c) Forest Product Harvesting. Forest product harvesting Gathering of forest products was reported in all households. As the input to secure forest products was household labour, the cost of which is assumed negligible, direct consumptive use value equates to the market value of harvested forest products. The overall mean value of forest products is 3,696 ± 221 ETB (median = 2,680), ranging from 0 to 14,243 ETB with significant differences between study sites (Fig. 2c; F(3,190) = 94.50, p < 0.0001). The magnitude of value from discrete forest <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 189
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
Page 147 and 148: Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150: There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174: it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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