Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Gashaw, M. and Fetene, M. 1996. Plant Communities of Afroalpine Vegetation of Sanetti Plateau, Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science, 19: 65-86. Morris, P. A. and Malcolm, J. R. 1977. The Simien fox in the Bale Mountains. Oryx, 14: 151-160. Rao, J. S., Iason, G. R., Hulbert, I. A. and Racey, P. A. 2002. The effect of establishing native woodland on habitat selection and ranging of moorland mountain hares (Lepus timidus), a flexible forager. Journal of Zoology London, 260: 1-9. Reichlin, T., Klansek, E. and Klaus, H. 2005. Diet selection by hares (Lepus europaeus) in arable land and its implications for habitat management. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 51: 137-295. Sillero-Zubiri, C. 1994. Behavioral ecology of the Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis). PhD Thesis. University of Oxford, Oxford, 283 pp. Sillero-Zubiri, C., and Macdonald, D. W. 1997. The Ethiopian Wolf: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Canid specialist group, Cambridge, 123 pp. Sutherland, W. J. 1996. Ecological Census Techniques: A Hand Book. Cambridge University Press, London, 336 pp. Uresk, D. (1978). Diet of the black-tailed hares in steppe vegetation. Jounral of Range Management,31: 439-432. Yalden, D. W. and Largen, M. J. (1992). The Endemic mammals of Ethiopia. Mammal Review, 22: 115-150. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 60
Ecology and Reproductive Strategy of an Afroalpine <strong>Special</strong>ist: Ethiopian Wolves in the Bale Mountains Claudio Sillero-Zubiri 1* , Dada Gottelli 2 , Jorgelina Marino 1 , Deborah Randall 1,3 , Lucy Tallents 1 and David W. Macdonald 1 1 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abingdon Road, Tubney Ox13 5qL, UK 2 Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK 3 Frankfurt Zoological Society, PO Box 100003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *Email: claudio.sillero@zoo.ox.ac.uk Abstract Ethiopian wolves Canis simensis are confined to seven ranges of Afroalpine habitats in Ethiopia, where they combine conspicuous sociability with specialised, solitary foraging for a narrow range of Afroalpine rodent species. A detailed field study in the Bale Mountains in 1988-1992 yielded information on the behavioural ecology of this rare carnivore, and was followed up by other field studies on population biology, ecological requirements and genetics. Here we present a review of the current state of knowledge of Ethiopian wolves’ biogeography, diet, foraging behaviour, spatial organization, territoriality, social structure, mating behaviour, reproductive biology dispersal, biogeography, and genetics. We conclude with remarks on the cost the wolves’ specialisation to the Afroalpine ecosystem poses to their long-term conservation. Introduction At ca. 20 kg, the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis differs from such typical, medium-sized canids as the coyote C. latrans in its unusually long legs and a long muzzle (Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1994). Restricted to rodent-rich Afroalpine habitat within the Ethiopian highlands, its diurnal habits and distinctive coat render this species conspicuous. A bright tawny rufous fur, with a characteristic pattern of white marks, a thick black and white bushy tail and broad, pointed ears result in a rather ‘foxy’ appearance (Sillero-Zubiri and Marino 2004). This, and its reliance upon small prey, misled early European naturalists to name this species the Simien fox. Uncertainty over its taxonomy led to an array of alternative vernacular names, including the Simien jackal, Abyssinian wolf, ky kebero (Amharic for red jackal) and jedala faarda (Orominia for horse’s jackal). Unlike other medium- to large-sized canids, which typically are generalist predators and widely distributed (Macdonald 1992). Ethiopian wolves combine conspicuous sociability with specialised, solitary foraging for a narrow range of Afroalpine rodents. Today, these wolves are confined to Afroalpine pockets in a handful of Ethiopian mountains, and total less than 600 individuals, <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 61
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
Page 17 and 18: wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
Page 19 and 20: Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
Page 21 and 22: Scientific name Common name Sources
Page 23 and 24: Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
Page 25 and 26: interactions? 2) Would such classif
Page 27 and 28: feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32: Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34: of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36: Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60: populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67: for eating grass species. During th
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118: Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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