Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Goba to Dello Mena road. The exception, hora Higan, is found within an area of the eastern forest widely used for coffee harvesting. Properties Measurements were taken at the end of the wet season, when the horas are contaminated by freshwater. In order to be properly interpreted, the following values of pH and conductivity should be complemented by values obtained from sampling during the dry season, when contamination would be less. As expected, electrical conductivity (EC) emerged as a measure of the attractiveness of the horas for livestock husbandry, with the most used horas being also the most saline. Hora Sankate and hora Chakota are exceptions: the first is the most saline in this survey (3.2 mS), but its location by the side of a river might limit its accessibility and usability; the second is perceived to be infested by some kind of parasite, therefore it is little used despite its relatively high salinity (2.2 mS). All of the rarely used horas have diluted water with salinity levels below 1 mS. Among the most used horas, three have salinity between 1.5 mS and 2.0 mS (Abba Usman, Dofo and Waticha) and two have salinity between 2.0 mS and 2.5 mS (Higan and Dokke’). The salinity of hora Worgona in the Sanetti plateau was also tested for comparison, giving a reading of 6 mS. This confirms the exceptional salinity of hora Worgona and explains why it is considered high quality by locals. The large majority (32) of the active horas have pH between 6 and 8; three horas have pH greater than 8 (Alachera), and three have pH lower than 4 (Bukure, Huluke and Ebicha). The pronounced variation in pH, which identifies alkanine horas (pH > 8) and acidic horas (pH < 4), underlines heterogeneity of the hydrological system that should be investigated in detail. The horas in the forest could be used to study the properties of the different catchments, the relative water retention times and alteration processes, as a function of variation in geology, land-cover and landuse. The BMNP is situated within a formation of alkaline basalts with granitic inclusions (GSE 1972). Granitic rock outcrops were occasionally found in the BMNP during the survey which may be associated with the acidic springs and have implications for the vegetation. Use, property regime and access Horas are used as a source of mineral supplement for livestock (cattle, sheep and goats). Water from the horas is perceived to enhance fat, fertility and resistance to diseases. Particular types of clay, locally called “haya”, are also used as mineral supplements. Generally, horas are fenced to prevent the livestock contaminating the source or falling into the well, at times several metres deep. On top of the circular stone fence (gimba) a wooden fence is generally erected. The livestock attendant pours the water into an external wooden channel (bidiru’), where livestock are allowed to drink. Construction of the gimba may be limited by availability of stones, as in hora Dokke’. There, cattle are kept away from the main source, at the center of the glade, by draining the water through a long drainage channel reaching the bidirus at the margin of the glade. In any case, the source must be looked after by constant cleaning and draining. Dry horas that are filled with sediments, like Ataui, can be occasionally used by excavating small wells that reach the shallow water table. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 232
Tabalas are used for healing purposes, especially for curing skin diseases but also for expelling stomach parasites and for the flu. Horas in the park are de facto common property resources with open access, maintained by the communities that use them most frequently, generally the village located closest to it. They are perceived as a gift of nature and every Oromo has the right to use them, independent of his origin. Maintenance involves the construction of fences, the cleaning of the source by removing excess mud, and the construction of bidirus and drainage channels. Access points, such as small bridges must be maintained as well. Punishments are prescribed for users from the community that do not take part in the maintenance activities. However, most of the maintenance operations are fairly easy and conducted during use, without requiring specific agreements. This general maintenance is done by most users, regardless of association with the local community. In this sense, the more a hora is used, the more it is maintained, turning the open access of the resource into an advantage. On the other side, use of the hora is seldom limited to the use of the spring alone but is coupled with the use of other forest resources such as grazing, honey and coffee. Therefore, while the use of the hora per se is recognized as an Oromo universal right, conflicts might arise due to collateral activities involving other resources. Seasonal migration Generally, livestock are brought to drink at the horas every three months, and the length of the stay depends on the origin of the users, varying from a week to four months in case of dry season migrants from other areas. Horas affect the seasonal migration patterns of the pastoralists, although scarcity of grazing ground during the dry season appears to be the main driver of movement. Five main patterns of seasonal movement emerged during the discussions which can be grouped as movements of outsiders and insiders. Four main routes were identified for outsiders from Angetu and Dello Mena: 1) to Addeye and hora Dokke’; 2) to Gebicho, hora Habire’; 3) to Hawo, hora Dofo and hora Waticha; and 4) to the eastern forest and, hora Higan (Sankate and Alachera). The main cause for seasonal migration of people from Angetu and Dello Mena into the forest is the exhaustion of the grazing grounds in the southern areas outside the forest at the onset of the dry season. Migrants move north into the forest seeking shade, grazing grounds and honey. The availability of horas is considered secondarily in the choice of the place to settle, or the horas are visited from more distant areas of the forest. Glades (“rasas” in the Oromo language) are abundant in the Harenna forest, but their productivity is limited or exhausted during the dry season, and the grazing shifts from grasses to trees. As long as they are productive, glades provide a buffer from forest degradation by grazing, and places where glades are wide and abundant are preferentially chosen for settlements. Rasas and horas must be considered in combination in order to understand the dynamics of seasonal migrations. Hora Dokke’ is particularly attractive due to the fine quality of its water but also because of its proximity to rasa Challicho, a wide glade capable of hosting a large number of families with their livestock. Addeye is appealing because of it is near hora Dokke’ as well as a number of large <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 233
Page 1 and 2:
Walia Spec
Page 3 and 4:
This Special <stro
Page 5 and 6:
Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
Page 7 and 8:
FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
Page 9 and 10:
Introduction This Special</
Page 11 and 12:
Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 13 and 14:
History and Physical Features of th
Page 15 and 16:
Name of Order Name of Family No of
Page 17 and 18:
wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
Page 19 and 20:
Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
Page 21 and 22:
Scientific name Common name Sources
Page 23 and 24:
Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
Page 25 and 26:
interactions? 2) Would such classif
Page 27 and 28:
feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30:
Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32:
Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34:
of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36:
Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38:
1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40:
Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44:
long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46:
Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48:
Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50:
The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52:
of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54:
The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56:
Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58:
Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60:
populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62:
Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64:
To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66:
Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68:
for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70:
Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72:
overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74:
Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76:
encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78:
No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80:
Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82:
Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84:
successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86:
References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88:
Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92:
Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94:
Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96:
Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98:
Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100:
Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102:
to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104:
used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106:
Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108:
of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110:
Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114:
other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116:
J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118:
Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
Page 119 and 120:
A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122:
A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124:
elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126:
Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128:
and managing natural resources and
Page 129 and 130:
The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131 and 132:
The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134:
Table 2. Table showing the area for
Page 135 and 136:
Table 5. Description of patchiness
Page 137 and 138:
Acknowledgments This study was fund
Page 139 and 140:
Characteristics and Origins of Glad
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 1. Map with the approximate
Page 143 and 144:
Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 145 and 146:
Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
Page 147 and 148:
Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150:
There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152:
Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154:
Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156:
the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158:
Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160:
Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162:
Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164:
than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166:
MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168:
among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170:
In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172:
Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174:
it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176:
Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178:
Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180:
Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182:
occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184:
Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186:
total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188:
Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292:
however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294:
Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296:
the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298:
assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300:
An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302:
at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304:
Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306:
emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308:
Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310:
or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312:
Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314:
across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316:
sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318:
What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320:
scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322:
through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324:
The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326:
anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328:
spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330:
IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332:
Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334:
and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336:
http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338:
Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340:
If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342:
• Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344:
• Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346:
Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348:
I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350:
Publication Financially Supported b
show all

Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?