Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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The predators for example, directly interact with mammalian predators in the study area (Sillero- Zuburri 1995; Tallents 2007). Within a strict sense of the interaction concept that emanates from overlap in resource exploitation that results in a competitive environment, raptors can justifiably be considered as members of a predator community together with Ethiopian wolves, jackals, leopards and other mammalian predators within the BMNP (Wiens 1989). Full description and explanation of patterns for this community for example will never be complete without availability and usage of data on the other predators. We evaluated further the relevance of this grouping in determining group differences in response to habitat type or more importantly in reflecting group differences in habitat choice. Constraining species specific habitat distribution with group membership determined based on diet and bill morphology resulted in significant intergroup distributional differences except in the case of occupancy of marshes within the interior of the Park’s forests. This species specific habitat distribution was significantly classified in a DFA with the first function accounting for 59.2 % of the variation in the data set and the second function explaining 27.2 % of group difference in species specific habitat choice. This clearly demonstrated the group structuring of the Park’s bird assemblage that resulted from similarities/differences in diet and bill morphology has clear impact on the collective distributional response which was expressed as total occupancy of a habitat by a group. Constraining the collective habitat distribution data with a group membership column that resulted from differences in diet and bill morphology to produce the group habitat distribution functions in the DFA clearly demonstrated the collective distributional patterns of structure were caused by historical and ecological processes. Acknowledgements This work was a result of research funded by Wildlife Conservation Society, Conservation International, Peregrine Fund, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Darwin Initiative. BirdLife International and Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society provided other support. References Askins, R. A., and Philbrik, M.J. 1987. Effect of changes in regional forest abundance on the decline and recovery of a forest bird community. Willson Bulletin, 1: 7-21. Böhning-Gaese, K. and Bauer, Bauer, H. 1995. Changes in species abundance, distribution and diversity in a central European bird community. Conservation Biology, 10 (1): 175-187. Cornell, H.V and Lawton, J.H. 1992. Species interactions, local and regional processes, and limits to the richness of ecological communities: a theoretical prospective. Journal of Animal Ecology, 16 (1): 1-12. Diamond, J. M. 1975. Assembly of species communities. In Ecology and Evolution of Communities (Cody, M.L. and Diamond, M.J (eds.)). Belknap Press. Dunning, J.B., Danielson, B.J., and Pulliam, H.R. 1992. Ecological processes that affect populations in complex landscapes. Oikos, 65 (1): 169-175. Fry H, Keith S, and Urban E (1992) The Birds of Africa, Vol IV. Academic Press, London <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 26
Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mountains National Park, southeast Ethiopia, and its management. Mountain Research and Development, 8 (2): 253-258. Holmes, R.T., Sherry, T.W., and Sturges, F.W. 1979. Bird community dynamics in a temperate deciduous forest: Long-term trends at Hubbard Brook. Ecological Monographs, 56(3): 201- 220. Keddy, P.A. 1992. Assembly and Response Rules: Two goals for predictive community ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science, 3(2): 157-164. Krebs, J.C. 2001. Ecology. Benjamin Cummings. Levy, D.J. 1987. Tropical wet forest tree fall gaps and distributions of understory birds and plants. Ecology, 69: 1076-1089. MacArthur, H.R. 1971. Patterns of terrestrial bird communities. In Avian Biology (Franer, D.S and King, J.R (eds.)). Academic Press. Mills, S.G, Dunning, J.B, Bates, M.J. 1989. Effects of urbanization on breeding bird community structure in south western desert habitats. Condor, 91(2): 416-428. Peet, R.K. 1974. The measurement of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5:285-307. Rice, J.C. and Kronlund, A. R. 1997. Community analysis and flatfish: diagnostic patterns, processes, and inference. Journal of Sea Research, 37: 301-320. Ricklefs, R.E. and Travis, J. 1980. A morphological approach to the study of avian community organization. Auk, 97: 321-338. Shirley, S. M. and Smith, J.N.M. 2005. Bird community structure across riparian buffer strips of varying width in a costal temperate forest. Biological Conservation, 125: 475-489. Simberloff, D. and Dayan T. 1991. The guild concept and structure of ecological communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 22: 115-143. Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Gotelli, D. 1995. Diet and feeding behavior of Ethiopian Wolves (Canis simensis). Journal of Mammalogy, 76 (2): 531-541. Sinclair, I. and Ryan, P. 2003. Birds of Africa: South of the Sahara. Cape Town, South Africa Tallents, L. 2007. Determinants of reproductive success in Ethiopian Wolf. PhD Thesis, University of Oxford Teborgh, J., Robinson, S. K., Parker, T.A., Munn, C. A., and Pierpont, N.1990. Structure and organization of amazonian bird community. Ecological Monographs, 60 (2): 213-238. Weiher, E. and Keddy, A.P. 2001. Assembly rules as general constraints on community composition. In Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats (Weiher, E. and Keddy, P. (eds.)). Cambridge University Press Wethered, R. and Lawes, M.J. 2005. Nestedness of bird assemblages in fragmented Afro-montane forest: the effect of plantation forestry in the matrix. Biological Conservation, 123: 125-137. Whitaker, R. H. 1975. Communities and Ecosystems. Macmillan. Wiens, A.J. 1989. The Ecology of Bird Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wilson, M. F. 1974. Avian Community Organization and Habitat Structure. Ecology, 55: 1017-1029. Wilson, J.B. 2001. Assembly rules in plant ecology. In Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats. (Weiher, E. and Keddy, P. (eds.)). Cambridge University Press. Zimmerman, D.A., Turner, D.A. and Pearson, D.J. 1996. Birds of Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Croom Helm, London. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 27
Page 1 and 2: Walia Spec
Page 3 and 4: This Special <stro
Page 5 and 6: Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
Page 7 and 8: FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
Page 9 and 10: Introduction This Special</
Page 11 and 12: Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 13 and 14: History and Physical Features of th
Page 15 and 16: Name of Order Name of Family No of
Page 17 and 18: wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
Page 19 and 20: Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
Page 21 and 22: Scientific name Common name Sources
Page 23 and 24: Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
Page 25 and 26: interactions? 2) Would such classif
Page 27 and 28: feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32: Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33: of a community there must be a prem
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60: populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86:
References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88:
Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254:
BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302:
at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304:
Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308:
Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312:
Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314:
across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318:
What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330:
IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332:
Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338:
Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340:
If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342:
• Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344:
• Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346:
Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348:
I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350:
Publication Financially Supported b
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