Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Working with Local People - Promoting and Planning for Joint Natural Resource Management in the Bale Mountains National Park The reality of protected areas in Ethiopia is that all designated areas are settled and or used by local communities. Because of the reluctance of the conservation sector to face up to the realities of protected areas in Ethiopia, the issue of People in Parks in Ethiopia has been, and remains uncertain. Currently, the policy coming out of the Ethiopian conservation sector is that people should not be allowed to live in and/or use resources in National Parks. As such, they are adhering to the rule that a National Park should not have people living in or using the resources of the area (Ethiopia Wildlife Regulation 2009). However, the reality is that the situation remains quite different and very difficult, with local people claiming settlement and resource use rights, and local administrations and Park authorities unable and unsure of how to address the situation of permanent and seasonal settlement inside Ethiopia’s National Parks. Thus, the solution of how to address the issue of People in Parks remained elusive. By the end of the 1990s the conservation status of the Bale Mountains National Park could be described as increasingly desperate, in terms of an inability to address settlement and unsustainable resource use. Particularly in the Afroalpine part of the Park, seasonal grazing land users do not take any management responsibility in turn. Fears of losing the Park’s unique biodiversity were highlighted by an outbreak of rabies in the Ethiopian wolf population in 2004 (Randall et al. 2004), which spread from domestic dogs reared by the seasonal grazing land users. The outbreak killed a significant number of the estimated remaining Bale Ethiopian wolf population of around 350 (Randall et al. 2004; Randall et al. this edition) and raised concerns about the future conservation of the population (Haydon et al 2006). It was at this time a number of key actors began to discuss the options for improving the management of the Bale National Park, the need for urgent action and new ideas for dealing with the People and Parks issue. Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) was the first in responding to the problem of BMNP in 2001 which withdraw from the area shortly thereafter without substantially changing the situation on ground. However project outputs included different consultancy study reports, vehicles and training for the Park staff. After the withdrawal of WWF project from the area, the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Project (EWCP) 9 and Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) 10 , working with the National Park Authority, began to look at the options for the improved management of Bale Mountains National Park. In 2002, funded by the Belgium Technical Cooperation (BTC), a consultant study produced a new National Park management strategy. The new strategy unfortunately failed to secure implementation funding as the Belgium Government’s priorities changed. FZS did however pickup the Park technical support output of the strategy to be the basis of their on-going technical assistance support project to the Bale Mountains National Park. Shortly afterwards, in 2004, two natural resource management focused NGOs expressed an interest in providing support to the Bale Mountains region. FARM-Africa and SOS Sahel Ethiopia 9 EWCP was established as a specialized wolf conservation programme in 1995. 10 FZS started work in Bale in 2005. The organization provides technical and financial support and capacity building to the Bale Mountains National Park Authority. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 262
have experience in the implementation of participatory forest management (PFM) systems across different forest sites in Ethiopia11 . Working with the Oromiya Regional Government, EWCP and FZS, the result was the development of the Bale Mountains EcoRegion Sustainable Management Programme (BERSMP). The BERSMP is designed to take an EcoRegion approach to improve the natural resource management and natural resource based livelihoods across the entire Bale massif area . Today BERSMP is working in partnership with the Oromia Forest Enterprise within the BMNP buffer zone to regulate resource use through the introduction of participatory natural resource management (PNRM). In 2006 FZS, as part of its technical support to the Oromiya Government and Bale Mountains National Park, led a participatory process of developing a new General Management Plan for the Bale Mountains National Park (Nelson this edition). After an initial series of consultative studies and workshops, five output working groups were set up and charged with developing specific output sections of the General Management Plan. The five output themes were; Park Management; Ecological Research; Sustainable Natural Resource Management; Tourism, and Park Outreach. The BMNP-GMP (2007–2010) was ratified in early 2007 by the president of Oromia. Considering the reality on the ground and to face the challenging task of people and resource use in the National Park, the Sustainable Natural Resource Management (SNRM) programme proposed legalized natural resource management and allowable limited settlement within certain areas of the Bale National Park, albeit under strict rules and restrictions. The purpose of the SNRM programme was to implement collaborative and adaptive management strategies that ensured the sustainable use of natural resources (BMNP - GMP 2007). The General Management Plan addressed the need for working with local people to sustain the natural resources and values of the BMNP. However this management regime is no longer in line with the new national Park regulations proclaimed in 2009. Why It Makes Sense to Work with Local People As mentioned above, people have lived inside the BMNP since its establishment, albeit insignificantly fewer numbers than there are today. They have always existed in a context of uncertainty with regard to no legally recognized resource use-rights by the National Park management. It is this context of uncertainty (i.e. the non recognition of people’s resource use rights, and the lack of Park law enforcement to prohibit non-legitimate resource users) that has led to the de facto open access resource use, and consequent lack of share in any natural resource management responsibility from the local people. JNRM can be adopted to address these issues and unravel these problems by recognizing rightful resource users, adopting sustainable natural resource management practices and, in so doing, securing natural resource rights, roles, responsibilities and revenues for local people. Conventional fences and fines approaches to protected area management usually exclude human settlement and resource use within the boundaries of the protected area, at least in theory. 11 Information about the FARM-Africa – SOS Sahel Ethiopia Participatory Forest Management Programme can be found at <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 263
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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