Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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The separation of domestic and wild ungulates should be maintained wherever possible. This will also minimise grazing competition between these groups. In the BMNP, this will primarily be enacted through law enforcement, but if seasonal grazing is allowed in some areas of the park under management agreements, key habitat areas for wild ungulates should be excluded from grazing agreements. Outside the park, in hunting concessions, forest priority areas, participatory forest management areas, or even kebele land, potential disease transmission to and from wildlife should be used as a factor in landuse planning and livestock owners should be encouraged to designate domestic animal grazing grounds in areas least used by wildlife. Good land use planning might also help to minimise conflict from crop destruction by wildlife. Contingency disease control tools and plans for outbreaks of ungulate disease, in particular, in mountain nyala should be developed. As no mountain nyala are held in captivity, it will be challenging to develop vaccine or treatment control tools for the future, but this should be considered in long term plans. The feasibility of other methods of control considered, although financially and logistically realistic options are likely to be rare. Mountain nyala occur in six subpopulations and conservation efforts must be increased in all subpopulations across the species range and particularly those that are not contiguous with the BMNP population. Thus if a catastrophic event occurred, metapopulation management could allow for reintroductions between subpopulations. Acknowledgements The authors thank the Wellcome Trust for financing the study and MSc for Fekadu Shiferaw and the Institute of Zoology for offering an MSc placement. Wildlife sampling was conducted with the technical and financial assistance of Dr. Richard Kock of the Pan African Rinderpest Control PACE, OAU_IBAR. Technician Dinku Degu kindly assisted with the collection of the livestock samples. The work was conducted with the permission and assistance of the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organization and the Ethiopian National Animal Health Research Centre, the University of Edinburgh and the Bale Mountains National Park. We are grateful for Scott Newey for carrying out the distance sampling analysis. References Anderson, R.M and May, R.M. 1991. Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control Oxford: Oxford University Press. Atickem, A., Loe, L.E., Langangen, Ø., Rueness, E.K., Bekele, A. and Stenseth N.C. 2011. Estimating population size and habitat suitability for mountain nyala in areas with different protection status. Animal Conservation, Early view DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2011.00437 Blood, D. C., Radostitis, O.M and Henderson, J.A. 1983. Veterinary Medicine. A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Pigs, Goats and Horses, pp 692-696. Campbell, A.D. and Turner, A.W. 1953. Studies on contagious bovine pleuropnumonia of cattle. IV. An improved complement fixation test. Australian Vetinary Journal. 29:154-163. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 280
Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant as a reservoir host of helminth infection. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, 24: 221-248. Dunn, A.M. 1978. Veterinary helminthology, 2 nd edition Butler & Tanner Ltd Frome & London, pp 19-144 Hansen, J and Perry, B (1994) A hand book. The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Helminth Parasites of Ruminants, ILRAD, Nairobi, Kenya, pp 5-113. Zoological Society, pp 12-81 Haydon, D.T., Cleaveland, S. Taylor, L. and Laurenson, M.K. 2002. Identifying reservoirs of infection: A conceptual and practical challenge. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8:1468-1473. Hillman, J.C (1986). Bale Mountains National Park Management Plan, Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation organization, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Holdo, R.M., Holt, R.D. and Fryxell, J.M. 2009. Grazers, browsers, and fire influence the extent and spatial pattern of tree cover in the Serengeti. Ecological Applications, 19: 95-109. Jessup, D.A., Boyce, W.M and Clarke, R.K. 1991. Diseases shared by wild, exotic and domestic sheep. In: Wildlife Production: Conservation and Sustainable Development. (Renecker, L.A. and Hudson, R.J. (eds)). pp 438-445. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. Laurenson M. K. 1995. Does interspecific competition play a role in the population dynamics of cheetahs? In; Serengeti II, Research, Magement and Conservation of an Ecosystem. (Sinclair A.R.E and Arcese, P.(eds)). pp. 385-399. University of Chicago Press. Mamo, Y., Pinard, M.A. and Bekele, A. 2010. Demography and dynamics of mountain nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. Current Zoology, 56: 660-669. Mduma, S., Sinclair A.R.E. and Hillborn, R. 1999. Food regulates the Serengeti wildebeest : a 40 year old record. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68: 1101-1122 Plowright, W. 1982. The effects of rinderpest and rinderpest control on wildlife in Africa: Symposia of Zoological Society of London, 50: 1-28. Preston, J.M., Karstad, L., Woodford, M.H. and Allonby, E.W 1979. Experimental transmission of gastrointestinal nematodes between sheep (Ovis aris) and Thomson’s gazelles (Gazella thomsoni). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 15: 399-404 Randall D.A., Marino, J., Haydon, D., Knobel, D.L., Tallents, L.A., Sillero-Zubiri, C.Macdonald, D.W., and Laurenson, M.K. 2006. Impact of disease on endangered species: rabies and the Ethiopian wolf. Biological Conservation,131: 151-162 Shiferaw, F., Abdictho, S., Gopilo, A and Laurenson, M.K 2002. Anthrax Outbreak in Mago National Park, Southern Ethiopia, Veterinary Record, pp18-22. Vial, F., Macdonald D.W, and Haydon, D.T. 2011 Limits to exploitation: dynamic food web models predict the impact of livestock grazing on Ethiopian wolves Canis simensis and their prey. Journal of Applied Ecology, Early view doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01943. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 281
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322: through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324: The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326: anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328: spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330: IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332: Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334: and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336: http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338: Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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