Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Culture and Tourism: Addis Ababa. EWNHS (Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society).1996. Important Bird Areas of Ethiopia: A First Inventory. EWNHS: Addis Ababa. Fennell, D. 1999. Ecotourism: An Introduction. London: Routledge. Lindberg, K. 1998. Economic Aspects of Ecotourism. In Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers Volume 2. (Lindberg, K., Wood, M E. and Engeldrum, D. (eds.)). The Ecotourism Society, Bennington, Vermont, USA Musa, G. 2006. The importance of health as a factor in achieving sustainability in a high altitude destination of a less developed country: a case study of Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal. In: Nature-based tourism in peripheral areas- development or disaster? (Hall, C.M. and Boyd, S. (eds.)), pp 105-132.Viva books Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi, India. Neto, F. 2002. Sustainable Tourism, Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management: Paradise on Earth? International Colloquium on Regional Governance and Sustainable Development in Tourism-driven Economies, Cancun, Mexico, 20-22 February 2002 OARDB. 2007. Bale Mountains National Park General Management Plan. Oromia Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Sharpley, R. 2006. Tourism: A vehicle for development? In Tourism and development: Concepts and issues. (Sharpley, R. and Telfer, D.J. (eds.)). pp 11-34 Viva books Private Limited: New Delhi, India.. Telfer, D.J. 2006. The evolution of tourism and development theory. In: Tourism and development: Concepts and issues. (Sharpley, R. and Telfer, D.J. (eds.)). pp 35-78. Viva books Private Limited: New Delhi, India. United Nations (UN). 1963. Recommendations on international travel and tourism. UN: Geneva, Switzerland. Williams, S. 2002. Bale Mountains: a Guidebook. EWCP: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. WTO. 2001. Tourism Market Trends - 2001 <strong>Edition</strong>, World Overview & Tourism Topics, WTO, Madrid, 2001. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 294
Can Carbon Contribute to Conservation Financing? A Technical and Economic Feasibility Analysis of REDD in the Bale Mountains National Park Anouska A. Kinahan 1* and Charlene Watson 2 1 FZS-BMCP, Bale Mountains National Park, PO BOx 165, Robe, Bale, Ethiopia 2 Department of Geography & Environment, and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom *Email: anouskakinahan@fzs.org Abstract As the costs for conservation increase there is a corresponding decrease in the funds available. This has meant that many protected areas need to examine options for generating income for sustainable financing. Increasingly payment for ecosystem services and markets are becoming a popular theme for protected area managers to start examining. Within these markets, carbon is among the most developed. REDD projects generate carbon credits by averting carbon dioxide (CO ) emissions into 2 the atmosphere through the reduction or prevention of deforestation and degradation that otherwise would occur in the absence of such a project, making REDD initiatives directly in line with conservation objectives. There are many technical issues surrounding the implementation of REDD in National Parks for example additionality and leakage. This study shows that in fact technically and economically, REDD is a feasible option for the Bale Mountains National Park. It shows how it can address all the relevant technical issues and has the potential to generate sufficient funds to meet the optimal and critical costs of GMP implementation while also taking into account revenue sharing with relevant stakeholders including the communities. Introduction Protected area financing Over the years Protected Area (PA) financing has become a key concern in global biodiversity and conservation debates. The 5th IUCN World Parks Congress (2003), the 7th Meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP7)(2004), and an international meeting on biodiversity science and governance, hosted by UNESCO and the government of France (2005), all identified the lack of funding as a primary obstacle in achieving conservation goals. Further, the decline and lack of financing in developing countries greatly limits the actual, or potential, contribution that PAs make to poverty reduction and sustainable development (Emerton et al. 2006), not least traditional goals of <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 295
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322: through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324: The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326: anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328: spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330: IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332: Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334: and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336: http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338: Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340: If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342: • Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344: • Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346: Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348: I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350: Publication Financially Supported b
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