Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Currently most protection of resources through scout presence and patrolling occurs in the northern most area of the park (Gaysay), where much of the woodland is located (OARDB 2007). It is likely, therefore, that the decelerated loss of woodland is associated with this increase in park protection, perhaps lacking in earlier times. Further it was noted that in 1986 while little human pressure occurred on the park resources, the exception was the northern part of the park in the Dinsho region (Hillman 1986). The transformation of specific land cover types such as shrubland or forests into grasslands is widely recognized as a consequence of human induced pressure, particularly over-grazing, burning, tree cutting and associated deforestation (Dompka 1996). Our study shows that as predicted we do indeed see a major transformation of land with an overall reduction of forests and woodlands while grasslands such as pasture land and glades are on the increase. Furthermore patch analyses show that nearly all land cover classes exhibit an increase in the number of patches over time, with a corresponding reduction in total area and average patch size suggest increased habitat fragmentation occurring across the park (Laurence and Beirregaard 1997). Interestingly, however while pasture and glades also show an increase in the number of patches and total area, the average patch size decreased (similar to other classes) in the first period (1973-2000) but increased in the second period (2000-2005). This increase in average patch size for these classes may be an indication of the merging of smaller patches as a result human activities such as over-grazing or forest and woodland clearing (Ambika et al. 2003). As the human population grows, demand for additional land will increase. We are therefore likely to observe expansion of existing settlements or the development of new areas for human and agricultural activities unless a proper park management strategy is in place (see Nelson this edition). Hence, the increased fragmentation of pasture land and glades, as indicated by an increase in the number and size of patches, may imply new development of land for human activities, whereas, increase in their total area implies expansion of existing land. As a result we suggest that expansion of glades were largely at the expense of montane forest whereas the expansion of pasture land is at the expense of vegetation types such as Erica shrub, Erica forest, and grassland-shrub-pasture land and woodland. In conclusion, our study supports the notion that there is major land transformation occurring in the park which has been accelerated more recently. Forests are decreasing at a rapid rate as are shrublands and woodlands but pasture land and glades are increasing. In addition, the area is becoming increasingly fragmented, while such changes could be attributed to such factors as climate change, wild fires, or wild herbivore grazing, other data (settlement, livestock etc. FZS unpublished data) supports the idea that much of this transformation is due to human induced activities and increasing human pressure (Duncan et al. 1999). We suggest that further in depth studies are necessary in order to quantify the human induced threats on the ecosystem so that predictive and preventative models can be created. An increased understanding of landscape processes is also necessary in the area in order to examine the potential consequences of such transformations. This study can be used to assist park management to identify key areas currently under rapid transformation, so that intervention can occur to halt or slow down the present level of land change. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 128
Acknowledgments This study was funded by the British Embassy bilateral fund and supported by the Frankfurt Zoological Society and the Bale Mountains National Park. References AAU. 2004. Biodiversity Assessment of the Bale Mountains National Park and Surrounding Areas. Unpublished report for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Medicinal Plants Project. Addis Ababa Herbarium, Addis Ababa University. Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Roach, J.T. and Witmer, R. E. 1976. A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data. Geological Survey Professional paper No. 964, United States Government Printing Office. Washington D.C. Gautan, A.P., Webb, E.L., Shivakoti, G.P., and Zoebish, M.A. 2003. Land Use Dynamics and Landscape Change Pattern in Mountain Watershed in Nepal. GIS Development.net Chen, x. 2002. Using remote sensing and GIS to analyze land cover change and its impacts on regional sustainable development. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23(1): 107-124. Colby, J. D. 1991. Topographic Normalization in Rugged Terrain. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 57 (5): 531 – 537. Detenbeck N., Johnston C.A. and Niemi G. 1993. Wetland effects on lake water quality in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area. Landscape Ecology, 8: 39–61. Dompka, V. 1996. Human Population, Biodiversity and Protected Areas. Science and Policy Issues. Washington DC. American Association for Advancement of science. Duncan, B.W., Boyle, S., Breininger, D.R. and Schmalzer, P.A.1999. Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Landscape Ecology, 37: 124-36 Ehrlick P. 1998. The loss of Diversity: Cause and Consequence. In: Biodiversity (Wilson, E.O. (ed.)). Washington DC.: National Academic Press. ERDAS, Inc. 1992. ERDAS Production Services Map State for Georgia DNR. Monitor, 4(1), ERDAS, Inc, Atlanta, GA. ESCAP, 1997. Guideline and Manual on Land Use Planning Practice in Watershed Management and Disaster Reduction. United Nations Report. EthioGIS, 2002. A collection of various thematic maps compiled by Ministry of Agriculture and Rual development and Center for development and environment, University of Bern. FAO, 1983 Guidelines for Control of Soil Degradation Friis, I.1986. Zonation of Forest Vegetation on the south slopes of Bale Mountains, South Ethiopia, SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 9 (Suppl.): 29-44. Harries, P. M. and Ventura, S. J. 1995. The integration of geographic data with remotely sensed imagery to improve classification in an urban area. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 61: 381-385. Hillman, J.C. The conservation of Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. Oryx, 20: 91-74 Hillman, J. C. 1986. Bale Mountains National Park, Management Plan. Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organisation AddisAbaba, Ethiopia. Hodgson, M.E. and Shelley, S. 1994. Removing Topographic effects in Remote Sensing imagery. Erdas Monitor, 6. Jensen, J.R. 1996. Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective. 2d ed. Englewood Cliff, New Jersey: prentice Hall Kates, R.W., B.L. Turner II, and Clark, W.C. 1990. The Great Transformation. In The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. (Turner, B.L. Clark, W.C. Kates, R.W., Richards, J.E. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 129
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118: Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
Page 119 and 120: A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124: elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126: Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128: and managing natural resources and
Page 129 and 130: The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131 and 132: The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Table showing the area for
Page 135: Table 5. Description of patchiness
Page 139 and 140: Characteristics and Origins of Glad
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1. Map with the approximate
Page 143 and 144: Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
Page 147 and 148: Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150: There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174: it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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