Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Promoting community association trading schemes Promoting community association trading schemes whereby associations are set up by the communities to sell tourism information such as trekking maps and curios such as BMNP t-shirts and caps to tourists could be an ideal way in which community benefits (particular for marginalised groups) from the park are further enhanced. By facilitating production and providing premises to these local associations, the park could generate funds through concession fees. Although it is clear income generated to the park from this scheme would be low, the community benefits derived from such a scheme (particularly for marginalised groups) and the cost savings and benefits in marketing and PR for the park are unquestionable. Developing niche based tourism The development of specialist tourism such as avi-tourism and/or mountain bike tourism has great potential in the BMNP. Community benefits would be enhanced through training and hence creating opportunities for specialist guides from the communities, developing small business opportunities (for example mountain bike repair or bike hiring) and other benefits associated with increases in tourist numbers. The park would benefit from the income generated from park entrance fees and other associated fees as well as promoting the park through niche based tourism markets. A number of enquires to date have been made regarding specialist birding and mountain biking opportunities. Entry fees diversification and more effective collection It is thought that a large amount (up to 50%) of income potential is lost every year in gate fees, due to inadequate staffing. This is largely attributed to the inadequate number and location of gate fee collectors at park entrance points. It is suggested that in addition to the park Hq, gate fees should also be collected at Angesu check point. Similarly while there is one gate fee collector located at the HQ presently, this is insufficient and a second one is necessary to be able to man the gate for the required times needed to capture all revenue. Thus, this strategy proposes employing an additional three gate fee collectors resulting in a total of four full time gate fee collectors at the park. Taking current very low (and underestimated) number of tourists, current entrance fees and the salary costs of four gate fee collectors, it can be seen that such a strategy would be highly profitable and in fact would exceed government budget allocations (excluding salaries) received in 2008. Hence annual income from entrance fees could provide a very significant part of the park budget for management programmes with even relatively few tourists; i.e. less than 1000 visiting the park p.a. Privitisation of dinsho lodge and other lodge concessions Dinsho lodge is the only lodge currently available in the park. It is currently owned and managed by the park authorities. This means that valuable human and financial resources are being spent on running the lodge which has shown to be a non profitable activity for the park. Managing the lodge uses up 13% of the park’s staffing availability, approximately 19% of the parks total budget and runs <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 292
at a loss of approximately ETB 10,000 per year. Despite this, tourists still complain heavily about the poor quality of service provision. It is evident, therefore, that this is not an effective or efficient use of the park’s available resources. This strategy proposes privatising the lodge, thereby allowing for the more effective reallocation of human (such as scouts being used for resource protection not guarding the lodge) and financial resources while also generating a small income through concession fees. Conclusion It is clear that tourism development, in particular eco-tourism development, in Ethiopia is an important agenda on national development strategies. Placing the federal Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority under the MoCT emphasises the countries recognition of the key role protected areas can have in national tourism strategies. The BMNP, as one of the most important protected areas in the country, has a key part in increasing eco-tourism in Ethiopia. Although currently severely under developed, eco-tourism in BMNP has a bright future. With the development of the BMNP General Management Plan and Business Plan, it is the goal that tourism be developed in the park providing economic benefits both to government and communities as well as providing funds for the protection of the park’s resources, while at the same time having a low negative environmental and cultural impact. However, it is imperative that for the success of these tourism initiatives, careful planning and risk assessments are carried out and that all stakeholders from government to community levels are involved in the planning and implementing process. Although much work is still needed, the creation of partnerships between the BMNP and other institutions, the nomination of BMNP as a world heritage site and the new website (www. balemountains.org) are all critical steps in helping Bale realize its true tourism potential. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the BMNP management office for the tourism data used. References Asefa, A. 2006-07. Birds of Bale Mountains National Park, Southeast Ethiopia. <strong>Walia</strong>, 25: 22-33 Boo, E. 1992. The Ecotourism Boom. WHN Technical Paper 2, Washington DC: WWF. Brown, C.R. 2001. Visitor Use Fees in Protected Area: Synthesis of the North American, Costa Rican and Belizean Experience. The Nature Conservancy Report Series Number 2. Buckley, R. and Sommer, M. 2001. Tourism and Protected Areas: Partnerships in Principle and Practice. CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd. and Tourism Council Australia, Sydney, Australia. Eagles, P., McCool, F.J., Stephen F., Haynes, L and Christopher D.A. 2002. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xv 183pp. Ethiopian Ministry of Culture and Tourism. 2006. Tourism statistics bulletin (2003-2005), No 8. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 293
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322: through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324: The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326: anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328: spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330: IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332: Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334: and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336: http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338: Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340: If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342: • Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344: • Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346: Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348: I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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