Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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a more holistic and complete understanding of the sector, the questionnaire for the community members incorporated livelihood questions. By extracting both qualitative as well as quantitative data about the socio-economic assets that chain participants held, a more accurate picture of the constraints as well as the strategy decision making process of chain participants could be drawn. qualitative analysis was also employed in order to try and assess the degree of strength (or weakness) in the relationships amongst chain members. Table 7. Respondent categories Respondents: number of cases Location Bamboo harvester Intermediary Producer (construction + crafts Consumer Private investor Addis Ababa - - - - - 2 Dukem - - - - 1 - Goba 10 9 10 10 - - Robe - - 7 5 - - Shedem 20 - - - - - Total 74 Results Bamboo utilisation Government programs In the Shedem kebele, it was observed that a range of items from small things like utensils to houses are made of bamboo. Interviews with community members revealed that most of the bamboo harvesting and selling is done by men except for some exceptions where women and young girls are seen harvesting. After harvest, however, there is some gender division in household bamboo related activities – men usually build houses, fences, doors, beds, storages and beehives while women make utensils, shelves, fire sticks and air tube for fire making. The amount of bamboo harvested by the communities on average was found to be 615 culms per month per household. The number of people per household ranged from 2-15 with an average of six individuals. Harvesters occurred across all ages from 16-51, although on average people start harvesting in their twenties and do it well into their fifties or until their children take over. Through interviews, the different means of livelihood in Shedem were identified to include farming, livestock rearing, coffee harvesting from nearby kebeles, beekeeping both in Shedem and neighbouring kebeles, vegetable gardening, bamboo selling and renting of horses to bamboo harvesters. The average annual income of the interviewed households was 7747.00 (+/- 6398) ETB of which 3711.00 (+/-3338) ETB is derived from bamboo; i.e. on average 47% of household income. Interviewees estimated 85–95% of the households to be dependent on bamboo. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 216
Amongst the interviewees, 80% of people expressed concern regarding the sustainable harvesting of bamboo, below are the main reasons resulting in this concern: 1) Inefficient utilisation of the resources: Only one third of a culm is utilised when harvested for sale as per the demand in the cities, resulting in two thirds usually being left to rot in the forest. 2) Damage to young culms: Current harvesting methods often damage young culms in attempts to harvest ripe ones; due to insufficient knowledge harvesters may harvest unripe culms, young shoots are often eaten by livestock and lastly, young boys showing off, often cut off young culms and leave them to rot. Using 6,000 culms per ha for highland bamboo as indicated by Ensermu et al (2000) and 47,237.7 ha of Shedem’s bamboo forest area estimated through satellite images, the total bamboo culms in Shedem is estimated to be 283,426,200 culms. As stated previously on average 615 culms are harvested per household per month and there are 535 households in Shedem (Jemal Kayo, Development Agent of Shedem Kebele, pers. comm.). If we assume that 85–95% of households in Shedem harvest bamboo, then the total annual bamboo harvested is between 3,356,055–3,750,885 culms or 1.18–1.3 % of total resource available per year. It appears that there is seasonal variation in bamboo culm prices. During times of high bamboo resource abundance, sellers have reduced bargaining power hence intermediaries tend to have an advantage, and can obtain bamboo at lower than usual prices. However, when the resources become scarce in the market a higher price is set for the culms, thus giving sellers the advantage. Table 2 shows the seasonal variation of resource abundance and selling price. Table 2. Seasonal fluctuation of bamboo in Goba market Months Season / Activities in Shedem Availability of bamboo culms in Goba Market Price of culms January – March Harvest time Decreases Increases April – June Dry season Increases Decreases July – August July – October Sowing time Rainy Season Decreases Increases Nov. – Dec. Dry season Increases Decreases Value chain analyses This study identified six major chain actors in the market. These are: harvesters, intermediaries, transporters, producers, consumers, and Government tax collectors. Bamboo harvesters A headcount of horses and donkeys was carried out to estimate the number of bamboo bundles coming to Goba. The number is estimated to be between 600-800 per market day, with market occurring on Wednesdays and Saturdays. However, people from Shedem claim it could go as high as 1000 per day during the dry season and a bit lower during harvest time. Each horse carries 2 bundles of either 48 thin culms or 24 medium culms. The thin part of the culm is what is mostly <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 217
Page 1 and 2:
Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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