Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Regular surveys of wolves were first undertaken in the early 1980s by the Bale Mountains Research Project (Hillman 1986). From 1987 to 1992, CSZ undertook detailed research on Ethiopian wolves in the Bale Mountains in four study areas; namely Web Valley, Sanetti Plateau, Tullu Deemtu and Gaysay Valley (Fig. 1, Sillero-Zubiri 1994). Monitoring of wolves in these areas has been continued since 1995 up to present by the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme (EWCP) and, since 2001, the EWCP has expanded the monitoring programme to include all wolf range in the Bale massif as well as the six other wolf populations in Ethiopia (Ash 2001). The history of the EWCP monitoring programme in Bale is described in greater detail in Marino et al. (2006). Monitoring activities consist primarily of total counts in focal packs. The high densities that wolves attain in many areas, their diurnal habits, and conspicuous coats render them relatively easy to find and follow on foot or horseback in the open Afroalpine landscape. Packs are identified as groups of individuals with distinct compositions, maintaining discrete territories that have little overlap with adjoining territories, and using exclusive dens during the breeding season. New packs, whether newly formed by pack fission or previously undiscovered by the EWCP, are identified by the same criteria. Territory boundaries for individual packs are determined during focal follows of regular boundary patrols, identified as such by copious scent-marking and, often, active territorial defence by individual wolves and packs. Maps of territory boundaries are then digitized in ArcView software (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California, U.S.A.) by pooling GIS data collected in the field for each pack over a given time period (typically a single breeding season). Individual recognition during the early years of the monitoring programme was assisted by ear-tags, radio-collars, and coat patterns (Sillero-Zubiri 1994; Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1994, 1995b; Sillero-Zubiri 1996). From 1996 onwards individual recognition was more difficult due to the absence of artificial marks (previously ear-tagged animals died or disappeared and no new animals were marked until 2003) and, more recently, a larger number of focal packs under observation. Population monitoring has thus been based on complete enumeration of animals in focal packs (i.e. records were kept of all wolves seen around the den, or during social greetings and patrols, until no new individuals were observed). Sex and age classes have been assigned to wolves according to the following categories: adults (> 2 years), sub-adults or yearlings (1-2 years), and pups (0-12 months), male, female, unknown (unknown age and/or sex). In addition to the continuous monitoring of focal packs, the EWCP conducts monthly transect counts in the Sanetti Plateau (since 1985) and Web Valley (since 1989) (Marino et al. 2006). From these, indices of abundance calculated from repeated transects have been used to analyze trends in these two subpopulations areas. See Marino et al. (2006) for a more detailed description of this method and the results it has produced. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 30
Monitoring Activities the Bale Mountains from 2001-2004 From 2001-2004, the effort and spatial coverage of the EWCP monitoring programme in the Bale Mountains increased substantially from previous years, largely in response to a rabies outbreak and subsequent vaccination of wolves (Randall et al. 2004; Knobel et al. 2008). During this time, the number of monitoring personnel also increased from only two staff in 2001 and less than 100 person days to nine staff in 2004 and over 1,000 person days expended in the field collecting a substantial amount of data on pack size, composition, and distribution over a wider area (Fig. 2). Monitoring effort was unevenly distributed throughout the Bale massif with the most effort concentrated in the Web Valley, Sanetti Plateau, and Morebawa areas in 2003 and 2004 (Fig. 1). During these years monitoring in the Web Valley was particularly high in response to the rabies outbreak in that area (August 2003 to January 2004, Randall et al. 2004) and monitoring in the Sanetti Plateau and Morebawa areas focused on assessing the survival of wolves captured and vaccinated during the emergency vaccination programme (Knobel et al. 2008). Figure 2. Monitoring effort in eight study areas of the Bale Mountains from 2001 to 2004. Numbers above bars indicate the number of monitoring personnel employed by the EWCP each year. The monitoring methods used followed those described above for determination of pack boundaries and complete enumeration of unmarked individuals in focal packs based on sex and age assignment. However, a certain level of individual recognition was also possible following the vaccination intervention in 2003 (Randall et al. 2004; Knobel et al. 2008) when unique combinations of colour-coded ear tags were put on a number of wolves in three study areas (Web Valley, Morebawa, and Sanetti Plateau). <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 31
Page 1 and 2: Walia Spec
Page 3 and 4: This Special <stro
Page 5 and 6: Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
Page 7 and 8: FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
Page 9 and 10: Introduction This Special</
Page 11 and 12: Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 13 and 14: History and Physical Features of th
Page 15 and 16: Name of Order Name of Family No of
Page 17 and 18: wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
Page 19 and 20: Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
Page 21 and 22: Scientific name Common name Sources
Page 23 and 24: Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
Page 25 and 26: interactions? 2) Would such classif
Page 27 and 28: feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32: Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34: of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36: Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60: populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92:
Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94:
Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96:
Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100:
Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126:
Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131 and 132:
The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134:
Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
Page 139 and 140:
Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216:
Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226:
Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230:
The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232:
(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234:
The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248:
Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252:
General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254:
BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256:
effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278:
Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294:
Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300:
An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302:
at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306:
emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308:
Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310:
or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312:
Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314:
across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316:
sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318:
What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320:
scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322:
through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324:
The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326:
anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328:
spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330:
IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332:
Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336:
http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338:
Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340:
If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342:
• Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344:
• Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346:
Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348:
I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350:
Publication Financially Supported b
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