Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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The three glades in the middle stratum had more variable land use histories, with two of the three previously supporting small settlements with permanent grazing. Currently, only one of the three glades is permanently grazed and associated with a settlement. The glades in the lowermost stratum have a longer history of permanent grazing and settlement than those at higher altitudes. We were unable to get historical data for Totani; this glade differs in appearance from Ogate and Addeye, in that it is located on a freely-drained hill with rocky outcrops rather than a flat, water-logged plain. While the vegetation composition is thought to be relatively stable in the glades in this stratum, they are thought to have increased in size over the past 30 y. Soil properties In the glades, soil pH, total exchangeable bases and base saturation were negatively correlated with altitude (in all cases with r > 0.8, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with one another (r > 0.9, p < 0.001). These three properties, along with cation exchange capacity, differentiated the glade soils from the adjacent forest soils (Table 2), being higher in all cases in the forest soils (paired t tests, p < 0.05). The other variables measured did not show an association with altitude, nor consistent differences in glade and forest soils. Soils at the higher altitudes tended to be free draining, both in the glades and the adjacent forests. At the lower altitudes, the glades tended to be waterlogged or poorly drained (Table 2); the forest soils in S-1850 and S-1750 are freely drained. The soils in the glades at the higher altitudes were characterized by tunnelling, whereas at the lower altitudes tunnelling was absent. The soil profile data are presented in the Appendix. Vegetation Species richness measured as morpho-species increased with altitude (Table 3, r = 0.79, P = 0.02, N=8). The maximum value recorded was 15.2 morphospecies m-2 in Arrawa and the minimum in Totani (5.6 morphospecies m-2 ). The pattern was strongly influenced by dicot species richness; monocot species richness appeared unrelated to altitude. These patterns hold even if one examines the permanently grazed and seasonally grazed glades independently. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 136
Table 2. Soil Properties at two depths in each glade (G) and adjacent forest (F) site. Mean values with standard error noted parenthetically for 3 samples per depth, per site. m S a n d Total Exc. B a s e Stratum Site Type Depth pH Silt (%) Clay (%) CEC Total N Organic C C/N a.s.l. (%) Bases Saturation 1 Shifa 2386 G 0 - 20 4.6(0.03) 69 (7.2) 26(6.1) 5(1.2) 3.71(0.86) 57.1(1.64) 6.67±1.33 0.96±0.07 11.6±0.16 12.3±0.67 30-50 4.7(0.03) 75(4.0) 19(3.3) 5.7(0.7) 3.42(0.38) 51.7(0.74) 6.33±0.67 0.61±0.03 7.37±0.12 12.3±0.88 C 0 – 20 6.2(0.15) 56(6.8) 31(4.4) 14(2.4) 20.3(4.23) 54.2(0.42) 37.3±7.88 0.65±0.06 6.68±0.28 10.7±0.67 30-50 5.5(0.06) 58(4.7) 23(5.7) 20(2.7) 24.1(9.02) 44.7(5.13) 50.3±15.19 0.25±0.03 3.04±0.95 11.7±2.19 Arrawa 2390 G 0 - 20 4.2(0.03) 38(4.8) 44(2.3) 18(2.7) 1.74(0.27) 38.3(1.73) 4.33±0.88 0.51±0.01 5.29±0.11 10.3±0.33 30-50 4.5(0.07) 48(2.4) 35(2.7) 16(0.67 0.88(0.12) 33.7(0.90) 2.33±0.33 0.48±0.10 4.02±0.50 8.67±1.20 C 0 - 20 5.4(0.10) 60(1.0) 31(1.0) 9.0(0.0) 18.6(3.16) 50.8(0.40) 36.5±5.50 0.67±0.06 6.42±0.49 10.0±0.00 30-50 5.4(0.20) 57(8.0) 33(5.0) 10(3.0) 11.7(0.61) 45.9(1.90) 25.5±0.50 0.46±0.06 5.19±0.32 11.5±0.50 Kella 2398 G 0 - 20 4.3(0.03) 42(1.3) 44(0.0) 14(1.3) 1.04±0.15 36.7(1.3) 3.00±0.58 0.50±0.02 4.91±0.12 10.0±0.00 30-50 4.4(0.12) 44(2.9) 40(2.0) 16(1.8) 1.07±0.35 32.5(2.21) 3.33±0.88 0.43±0.03 3.91±0.18 9.33±0.33 C 0 - 20 5.4(0.10) 60(1.0) 31(1.0) 9.0(0.0) 18.6±3.16 50.8(0.40) 36.5±5.50 0.67±0.06 6.42±0.49 10.0±0.00 30-50 5.4(0.20) 57(8.0) 33(5.0) 10(3.0) 11.7±0.61 45.9(1.90) 25.5±0.50 0.46±0.06 5.19±0.32 11.5±0.50 2 Hatcho 1884 G 0 - 20 4.4(0.03) 40(8.7) 43(4.4) 18(4.4) 1.32±0.35 38.7(1.05) 3.33±0.88 0.49±0.02 5.07±0.35 10.3±0.33 30-50 4.5(0.03) 52(2.7) 32(3.5) 16(1.8) 0.95±0.14 35.9(0.44) 2.67±0.33 0.36±0.02 3.18±0.17 9.00±0.00 C 0 - 20 5.1(0.19) 68(5.2) 24(5.0) 8.3(3.5) 11.5±3.64 45.3(3.1) 25.3±8.01 0.52±0.12 6.51±1.14 13.0±1.00 30-50 4.9(0.28) 58(0.67) 29(0.67) 14(0.67) 4.68±3.76 41.2(1.6) 10.67±8.17 0.40±0.04 3.67±0.44 9.33±1.20 Ordoba 1886 G 0 - 20 4.8(0.06) 54(1.3) 35(1.3) 11(0.00) 8.43±0.49 48.5(2.5) 17.3±0.67 0.95±0.08 11.0±1.09 11.7±0.33 30-50 5.3(0.09) 65(3.1) 17(5.7) 18(2.7) 9.71±1.98 44.6(4.78) 22.7±6.01 0.38±0.10 4.49±0.72 12.33±1.20 C 0 - 20 5.8(0.03) 54(7.9) 33(4.7) 14(3.3) 34.1±5.56 48.6(3.98) 69.0±5.86 0.57±0.06 6.12±0.98 11.0±1.53 30-50 5.5(0.06) 42(3.3) 30(3.1) 28(0.67) 12.2±2.76 31.3(1.23) 38.7±7.42 0.26±0.02 2.33±0.10 9.00±0.58 Harrawa 1860 G 0 - 20 4.8(0.06) 53(4.6) 33(4.7) 14(0.67) 8.20±2.14 44.7(0.98) 18.3±4.67 0.71±0.01 9.09±0.35 12.7±0.33 30-50 5.5(0.09) 29(1.2) 22(2.3) 49(1.2) 10.1±0.91 34.4(1.53) 29.3±3.48 0.36±0.14 4.99±2.75 12.0±2.00 C 0 - 20 6.0(0.03) 68(1.8) 23(0.67) 9.0(1.2) 44.1±2.94 50.0(1.30) 88.0±5.86 0.71±0.08 7.91±1.34 11.0±0.58 30-50 6.3(0.06) 57(6.1) 29(3.5) 14(2.7) 22.7±2.71 46.1(2.88) 48.7±3.28 0.27±0.03 2.79±0.17 10.7±1.20 3 Ogate 1753 G 0 - 20 5.4(0.24) 67(1.2) 27(0.67) 6.3(0.67) 13.0±0.86 38.9(9.26) 36.7±7.84 0.97±0.08 11.2±1.03 11.7±0.33 30-50 5.9(0.09) 50(11.8) 18(2.3) 32(9.7) 16.8±4.78 50.3(5.78) 37.0±15.52 0.25±0.06 2.51±0.47 10.7±1.20 C 0 - 20 7.1(0.37) 44(8.7) 36(3.1) 20(5.8) 38.6±6.19 49.7(3.10) 76.7±8.69 0.84±0.07 11.0±0.17 13.3±1.33 30-50 7.4(0.41) 40(10.4) 31(0.67) 30(10.7) 31.6±8.17 47.4(1.03) 66.0±15.95 0.54±0.02 5.34±1.09 10.0±2.00 Addeye 1735 G 0 - 20 5.5(0.06) 36(11.9) 41(5.9) 22(5.9) 18.8±2.20 45.9(1.46) 41.3±4.98 0.45±0.11 5.65±1.79 11.7±1.45 30-50 6.1(0.23) 11(2.0) 23(2.4) 66(2.7) 34.6±1.00 57.7(1.16) 59.7±0.88 0.18±0.03 2.36±0.57 12.7±2.19 C 0 - 20 6.5(0.51) 66(6.7) 9.0(3.2) 25(5.0) 31.6±2.18 46.5(1.07) 68.0±6.08 0.54±0.09 7.51±2.08 13.7±1.67 30-50 6.8(0.47) 43(5.3) 41(0.67) 16(5.9) 23.8±0.79 42.1(2.33) 57.3±4.84 0.32±0.13 5.07±2.79 14.7±1.76 Totani 1745 G 0 - 20 6.5(0.06) 35(3.1) 33(3.5) 32(6.4) 20.6±2.08 43.8(3.21) 47.0±3.51 0.40±0.06 5.00±0.10 13.3±2.40 30-50 6.0(0.47) 44(12.7) 35(10) 20(4.8) 8.61±1.51 42.2(8.66) 22.7±7.62 0.28±0.05 3.26±0.77 11.3±1.20 C 0 - 20 6.5(0.51) 66(6.7) 9.0(3.2) 25(5.0) 31.6±2.18 46.5(1.07) 68.0±6.08 0.54±0.09 7.51±2.08 13.7±1.67 30-50 6.8(0.47) 43(5.3) 41(0.67) 16(5.9) 23.83±0.79 42.1(2.33) 57.33±4.84 0.32±0.13 5.07±2.79 14.67±1.76 <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 137
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118: Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
Page 119 and 120: A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124: elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126: Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128: and managing natural resources and
Page 129 and 130: The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131 and 132: The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Table showing the area for
Page 135 and 136: Table 5. Description of patchiness
Page 137 and 138: Acknowledgments This study was fund
Page 139 and 140: Characteristics and Origins of Glad
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1. Map with the approximate
Page 143: Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 147 and 148: Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150: There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174: it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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