Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Starck’s hares were highly selective for monocot plants with limited use of dicots during the dry season (Table 5). Table 5. Plant coverage and percentage dietary composition of starck’s hare from faecal analysis. Season Monocot (%) Plant coverage Diet Dicot (%) Plant coverage Diet Wet 16.01 95.88 49.2 00 Dry 7.87 81.82 19.33 11.32 Starck’s hares were mostly restricted to rocky grassland with low wind areas. However, during the dry season when grasslands dried out, most were observed feeding in wetland habitats (Table 6). Table 6. Number and percentage of Starck’s hares recorded from different types of habitats at different level of wind. Wet Dry Discussion Habitat type Wind level Rocky grassland Wetland Others Strong Medium Low No. of individuals 278 42 69 45 125 219 % No. of 71.47 10.80 17.74 11.66 32.13 56.30 individuals 95 112 60 54 71 142 % 35.58 41.95 22.47 20.22 26.59 53.18 IUCN (2006) listed Starck’s hare as a species of least concern. The results reported here confirm that this endemic species is still locally abundant at least in the Afroalpine moorlands of the Bale Mountains. The population densities reported here are broadly similar to those published by Sillero-Zubiri (1994), with estimates of 30, 20 and 17 per km2 for Sanetti, Tullu Deemtu and Kotera respectively versus 23.3, 13.2 and 11.0 per km2 for the same three areas in this study. The highest density of hares occurred on the Sanetti Plateau. This could be due to the lower levels of livestock and human disturbance compared to the Web Valley. The hares were most abundant in a rocky grassland habitat with scattered Erica for shelter and in small valleys where they might be protected from cold and predators. During the dry season counts of hares declined. It is not clear is this is an artifact of sampling or a result of a die-off or dispersal of young animals. Total plant cover was higher in the wet than the dry season. In this study, the most abundant plant species during both seasons were Festuca spp, Alchemilla abyssinica, Helichrysum gofense, H. citrispinum and Trifolium acaule. In both seasons, Starck’s hare showed a strong preference <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 58
for eating grass species. During the dry season, they fed on a more diverse set of plants then in the wet season, despite the greater plant diversity in the wet season. This might be due to the relatively lower availability of grass in the dry season. Certain species such as Alchemilla spp were never eaten although abundant. From all the grass species identified fro the study area, Starck’s hares fed most frequently on Festuca species. This was the most available soft grass species. Soft and green parts of the plants were the most preferred in both seasons. Most literature describes hares as generalized herbivores, with a diet consisting primarily of grasses and shrubs but also bark, fruits, leaves and buds depending on habitat type (Hamolka 1987; Rao et al. 2002). However, in the present study, hares were observed feeding almost exclusively on grass with very limited herbs. The habitat of Starck’s hare similar to that recorded by Kingdon (1997). Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Program (EWCP) and Addis Ababa University for providing financial and material support. References Azzaroli-Pucetti, M. L., Corti, M., Scanzarii, A., Civitelli, M.V. and Cappana, E. 1996. Karyotypes of two endemic species of hares from Ethiopia. Lepus habessinicus and L. starki (Lagomorpha, Leporidae). A comparison with L. europaeus. Mammalia, 60: 223-230. Buckland, S. T., Anderson, D., Burnham, K. P. and Laake, J. L. 1993. Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations. Chapman and Hall, London, 316 pp. Cummings, J. and Smith, D. 2001. The Line Intercepts Method: A Tool for Introductory Plant Ecology Laboratories. Clemson University, Clemson. Dingerkus, S. K. and Montgomery, W. I. 2001. The diet and land class affinities of the Irish hare (Lepus timidus hibernicus). Journal of Zoology London, 253: 233-240. Floyd, D. A. and Anderson, J. E. (1987). A comparison of the three methods for estimating plant cover. Journal of Ecology, 75: 221- 228. Flux, J. E. C. 1967. Hare Number and Diet in an Afroalpine Basin in New Zealand. Animal Ecology Division, Lower Hutt, 33 pp. Hamolka, M. (1987). The diet of brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in central Bohemia. Folia Zooogica, 36: 103-110. Hewson, R. and Hing, M. D. C. 1990. Characteristics of the home range of mountain hares Lepus timidus. Journal of Applied Zoology, 27: 651-661. Hillman, J. C. 1986. Bale Mountains National Park Management Plan. Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organization (EWCO), Addis Ababa, 250 pp. IUCN (2006). 2006. Red list of Threatened species.
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
Page 15 and 16: Name of Order Name of Family No of
Page 17 and 18: wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
Page 19 and 20: Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
Page 21 and 22: Scientific name Common name Sources
Page 23 and 24: Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
Page 25 and 26: interactions? 2) Would such classif
Page 27 and 28: feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32: Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34: of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36: Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60: populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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