Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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grasslands of BMNP. Seven mountain nyala and two Menelik’s bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus menelikii) were chemically immobilised using etorphine and acepromazine (Immobilon – Novartis Animal Health, Herts., UK) in combination with xylazine (Rompun – Bayer) and reversed with antidotes diprenorphine (Revivonä C-Vet, Suffolk, UK) by darting from the air using a helicopter. Two warthogs (Phacoeherus aethiopicus) were sampled after net capture. Sheep and cattle samples were tested for antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and rinderpest (RP) respectively, by competitive ELISA. Cattle samples were also tested for contagious bovine plueropneumonia (CBBP) by CFT. All samples were tested at NAHRC and the recommended standard methodologies of CFT were followed (Campbell, 1953). Wildlife samples were all tested for rinderpest, with mountain nyala and bushbuck samples also tested for PPR and CBBP antibodies. Wildlife and livestock distribution and disturbance in the Gaysay grasslands Observations were made from two vantage points on the Gaysay grasslands to sample potential overlap and thus disease transmission, between wildlife and livestock. One set of 17 observations periods were conducted from a small hillock at the west end of Gaysay area that had a visibility of 360°. Another vantage point, Oufe, with 180° visibility, was chosen on the ridge on east side of Gaysay, along the Gofingera track and looking over the Aleba area in the east and north east part of the grasslands and five periods of observations carried out. Using a map, binoculars and a check sheet, the position of all animal groups that were visible within the park were recorded. The distance between groups was estimated from triangulation on the map. Animals that were more than 50 m apart were assigned to separate groups. The number of vehicles, people and domestic animals using the transport routes through the Gaysay grasslands of the BMNP to Dinsho were estimated by observing traffic at the only two bridges (one road, one foot) over the Web River. Traffic counted during three hour blocks of 0630-0930, 0931-1230, 1231-1530, 1531-1830, with each block sampled for a complete day. Observations were carried out all days of the week, including non-market days and market days (Tuesdays, principal weekly market in Dinsho, and Saturday, small Dinsho market). In total 29 nonmarket and 9 market days were sampled at the footbridge leading to the north and 25 non-market and 8 market days sampled at the main road bridge, a total of 38 and 33 days respectively. The mean weekly total was estimated by summing the average number of traffic per relevant day of the week. Transects Transects were driven during the day and in the early evening along the main trunk road across across the Gaysay grasslands and the size and composition of all groups of wild and domestic animals within 300 m of the road were recorded. All animals within 50 m were considered as one group, but were recorded as a separate group if greater than 50 m to the nearest animal. A global positioning system (GPS) was used to record perpendicular road location. Perpendicular distance from the group of animals to the centre of the road, closest distance between animals within group and distance to next group from outermost animal in each group were estimated. Vegetation was <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 272
ecorded as “point vegetation” for the exact position of animal and “area vegetation” for the area around animals (group) with a radius of 50 m. Four types of vegetation were recorded (a) farmland, with a vegetation height of 0-20 cm, taken as open density (b) grassland with a height of 20-50 cm taken as low density (c) bush with height of 50-100 cm taken as medium density and (d) woodland, >100 cm height as high density. Density estimates were obtained from night transects, using line transect analysis (DISTANCE 4.0). Comparisons of sightings distributions were analysed using Splus. Results Parasitology Nematode eggs were detected in the faeces of cattle (n=300) and sheep (n= 313) with a prevalence of 18% and 50% respectively. The lower prevalence of nematode eggs in cattle faeces the either sheep (χ2 =69.1, p
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279: aspects of these factors, including
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322: through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324: The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326: anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328: spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330: IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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