Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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esults from a planning process that is expert or consultant driven. The BMNP planning process was designed to be participative with the goal that planning led easily into implementation. Our approach at participation had mixed success; it worked well with government and other NGO partners, who supported and endorsed the final product such that is was ratified within three days of submission. However, it has been criticised for not sufficiently or appropriately engaging with communities or addressing their needs and concerns regarding the management of the BMNP. Community participation in the development of the plan could have been much stronger had a clear process for engaging at the local level been developed from the outset. Even with wide-buy in and early ratification, implementation was initially delayed by changes in the institutional framework central to the BMNP. Shortly after ratification the management authority for the BMNP was moved from the Regional government to the Federal government, and although both had been involved throughout the planning process, the change meant that the plan needed to be re-aligned with new policy and organisational priorities. This was compounded by simultaneous changes in senior staff within FZS, the main implementing NGO partner. Another point worth noting is that not as much background data was required as expected to complete the GMP. Where information was lacking, actions were developed to fill knowledge gaps, rather than hold up the planning process. Furthermore, the adaptive nature of the plan with its ten year strategic vision and three year rolling action plans allows for new or revised actions to be incorporated into management activities over time. The planning process also highlighted two other factors crucial to implementation. First, successful management of the BMNP hinges on two key policy and legislative issues: i) formally and transparently gazetting the park, and ii) recognising and managing, in some way, the presence of the communities living within and using the park. Secondly, additional finances are needed for implementation. The BMNP has always been under-resourced and hence the slow slide to poor management. Improved financing of the park will need to come from at least five sources: i) Increased government allocation (justified by valuation of the ecosystem goods and services: for example recent research suggests that the annual direct consumptive use of forest products in the Bale Mountains is $84 million). Nevertheless, it is unlikely that core budget allocation will ever be sufficient for proper management. ii) Increased revenue by making the park more attractive to tourism operators and tourists. This would need to be complemented by a system of revenue retention. iii) Payments for ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, watershed protection and biodiversity/genetic conservation – additional studies and specialist technical expertise will be required to explore these opportunities iv) Improved financial flows within the park through business planning (for example improving revenue collection, increasing efficiency of spending, and maximizing the quality of services being paid for). v) Securing external technical and financial assistance through partnerships with NGOs and third party donors. Partnerships are essential to ensure the sustainable and effective management of the BMNP <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 254
according to its core vision and principles, including partnerships between government, civil society and community organisations. The government is responsible for the conservation management of the park, but, in addition to financial constraints, government lacks technical expertise in many required fields. Protected area management in any situation is a complex undertaking, and within the BMNP this is compounded by the presence of communities living within the park and the diverse institutions and authorities with overlapping responsibilities across the park and wider landscape. Partnerships are needed to access the diverse capacity required for successful management within such a complex context. The success of participatory forest management in a number of areas in Ethiopia has shown that community-government-NGO partnerships can work. In Bale success hinges on incorporating international partners – both as donor organisations over the long-term (it is likely that Bale will always need external funding, and its biodiversity and ecosystem service values are of international significance), and as technical partners in the medium term, until the capacity of national civil society is built to play a similar role (i.e. identifying and bringing in new technical approaches, finding funding for new initiatives or funding gaps, and holding management authorities accountable for their actions). The General Management Plan for the Bale Mountains National Park provides a shared vision and agreed actions for what needs to be done to secure the long-term future of the park. The challenge is now in moving from successful planning to effective and efficient implementation. The keys to success in this process are five-fold: i) an appropriate institutional framework; ii) improved participation in decision-making and management based on trust, dialogue and mutual learning; iii) securing the necessary finances and making sure these are used efficiently and transparently; iii) ensuring that monitoring and evaluation take place with feedback to management, and iv) building true partnerships based on transparency and accountability. References Bishop, K, Dudley, N, Phillips, A. and Stolton, S. 2004. Speaking a Common Language: The Uses and Performance of the IUCN System of Management Categories for Protected Areas. Report published by Cardiff University, IUCN – The World Conservation Union and UNEP – World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Brown, L.H. 1966. A Report on the National Geographic Society/World Wildlife Fund Expedition to Study the Mountain Nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni. Nairobi. Mimeo, 118pp. Buer, C.E. 1969. Proposed Bale Mountains National Park; monthly report: Dec 1969. WCO, Addis Ababa. Mimeo, 4pp. Buer, C.E. 1970. Proposed Bale Mountains National Park; monthly reports (Jan – 5pp, Feb – 6pp, Mar – 3pp, Apr – 4pp, May – 4pp, Jun – 5pp). WCO, Addis Ababa. Mimeo. Buer, C. 1971. Report on a Survey of the Bale Mountains (1969 – 1971). Unpublished report, Wildlife Conservation Organisation, April 1971. Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organisation (EWCO). 1974. Bale Mountains National Park (boundary description). EWCO, Addis Ababa. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. 2005. Integrated Management Plan: uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site, South Africa. Ezemvelo KZN <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 255
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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