Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Discussion We easily detected biologically and statistically significant differences between all adequately sampled classes in their vegetation height, cover, substrate and/or dominant plant species. The latter is of particular interest given that remote-sensing lends itself well to describing vegetation cover and structure, but is generally less sensitive for detecting differences in species composition and diversity (Lewis 1998). Our findings illustrate that unsupervised classification of remotelysensed imagery is an effective way to create maps even for arid Afroalpine areas where vegetation is generally short and sparse, and soil reflectance can dominate the image. The differences between the spectral signatures of some classes may be determined mainly by soil characteristics or topography rather than by the actual herb layer (e.g. Dirnböck et al. 2003), particularly in the poorly vegetated nival zone, but this was mirrored by diverging plant species composition. In effect the classification process is distinguishing soil-vegetation complexes, and may be detecting edaphic and microclimatic factors which in turn determine vegetation communities. More sophisticated techniques exist to map vegetation via classification of remotely-sensed imagery. These can incorporate elements such as supervised classification (Lillesand et al. 2004), topographic correction of irradiance values (Fahsi et al. 2000), and expert-based decision rules (Bolstad and Lillesand 1992) to enhance classification accuracy, which can then be quantified using various statistical methods (Mather 1987). A tasselled cap transformation might also be informative, as it purports to remove the effect of soil background (Lillesand et al. 2004), enabling more sensitive detection of differences in vegetation. However, this could potentially erode useful information given the strong association between substrate and flora, and the sometimes weak vegetation signal. The basic approach presented here was adequate to build a map representing ecologicallymeaningful land cover classes. However, it could be refined by assessing to what degree these spectral classes overlap with recognised plant communities, and incorporating this community-level data to increase the accuracy and ecological content of the vegetation map (e.g. Domaç and Süzen 2006). Homogeneous areas of the classes identified here and confirmed as botanical entities could provide training samples for supervised classification or a hybrid approach (Lillesand et al. 2004). Existing vegetation maps can be approximated by our classification, although the former are usually coarser either in spatial scale or vegetation categories (e.g. Teshome et al. this edition). For example, Marino (2003) mapped vegetation from three study areas: Web Valley, around Tullu Deemtu peak and Central Sanetti. Her classes were created by clustering records of plant species into communities, mapping these communities using the survey points as training samples for a supervised classification, and then amalgamating communities which represented similar habitat quality in terms of rodent abundance. As such, her vegetation communities are broader than those presented here, and most correspond directly with between one and six of these 23 land cover classes (Tallents 2007). In the nival zone, corresponding to land cover class I and to a lesser extent to classes G and J, soil is mostly glacial moraine and vegetation is sparse (Niemelä and Pellikka 2004). These large extents of bare soil can be caused by solifluction, or frost heaving, and are common above <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 114
elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in East African mountains (Hedberg 1964). Class J also represents the mima mounds which are the favoured habitat of giant molerats Tachyoryctes macrocephalus: the predominance of bare soil indicates their role as ecosystem engineers, as they eject soil from their burrow systems when excavating, and when plugging their burrows at night for thermoregulation (Yalden 1975). They also graze and gather vegetation for bedding around burrows, which further denudes the landscape. Anthropogenic activities also modify the vegetation of the Afroalpine zone. A substantial human population lives within and around the boundaries of the BMNP (van de Veen 2004), and seasonal movements occur as livestock are herded into the highlands during the wet season (Stephens et al. 2001, Vial et al. this edition). Ericaceous vegetation is managed through burning to improve forage quality and reduce retreats for leopards Panthera pardus and spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta. Classes K and L are probably kept short by a combination of grazing by livestock (Vial et al. this edition) and burning (Abera and Kinahan this edition). The occurrence of the denuded class J around the lower-altitude horas, or mineral springs (Chiodi and Pinard this edition), could indicate that heavy livestock grazing pressure and soil poaching has reduced natural vegetation cover. The map was initially designed to investigate habitat preferences of endemic and restricted range species, specifically the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis and its rodent prey. Therefore emphasis was placed on describing the substrate, vegetation growth form and dominant species within discrete land cover classes, rather than providing comprehensive species lists or assessing vegetation community structure or clines. However, this comprehensive map of land cover within the Afroalpine zone will be of great use as a tool to monitor changes in the extent and degradation of alpine vegetation within the Bale Mountains (Teshome et al. this edition). Alpine and nival zones have been identified as particularly vulnerable to climate change (e.g. Pauli et al. 2003), and this map will provide a baseline to monitor vegetative responses to global warming. It will also facilitate management of the BMNP through zonation of anthropogenic activities such as grazing and reedcutting based on the extent and vulnerability of each vegetation type (Nelson this edition). This map will provide a spatial framework within which the results of past surveys can be placed, and by which future monitoring of the Afroalpine zone can be planned. References Birdlife International 2005. BirdLife’s online world bird database: the site for bird conservation, version 2.0. Birdlife International: Cambridge, UK. Birdlife International 2006. Bale Mountains National Park (Important Bird Areas of Ethiopia), http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html, accessed Feb 2007. Bolstad, P. V. and Lillesand, T. M. 1992. Rule-based classification models - flexible integration of satellite imagery and thematic spatial data. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 58: 965-971. Brooks, T., Hoffmann, M., Burgess, N., Plumptree, A., Williams, S., Gereau, R.E., Mittermeier, R.A. and Stuart, S. 2004. Eastern Afromontane. In: Hotspots Revisited (Mittermeier, R.A., Gil, P.R., Hoffman, M., Pilgrim, J. Brooks, T., Miittermeier, C.G., Lamoreux, J. and Da Fonseca, G.A.B. (eds)). CEMEx, Mexico City, Mexico. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 115
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118: Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
Page 119 and 120: A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 125 and 126: Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128: and managing natural resources and
Page 129 and 130: The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131 and 132: The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Table showing the area for
Page 135 and 136: Table 5. Description of patchiness
Page 137 and 138: Acknowledgments This study was fund
Page 139 and 140: Characteristics and Origins of Glad
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1. Map with the approximate
Page 143 and 144: Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
Page 147 and 148: Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150: There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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