Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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uild up your GIS database. Clearly the shape of GIS database depends on the requirements of the park. For instance, a national park may be interested in monitoring changes in land use in the surrounding areas, which can be visualized by importing information from a remote sensing platform such as LandSat or Aster. This may not be a concern for other parks, where monitoring disease events and epidemics may be a larger concern. There are many different sources of GIS information that can be used for building your base layers. Digitizing contours and hydrology from existing published topographical maps is labour intensive, especially for large areas, but in some cases may be the only option. Remember that the data is as only good as its source – the data from a digitized 1:50,000 topographical map will not give the same accuracy as the data from a 1:1000 map. Alternatively, some base layers can be downloaded free of charge from the internet. For instance, contours can be generated from the Shuttle Radar Topology Mission (SRTM), rather than digitizing them all from topographical maps. A coarse resolution vegetation map for Africa can be downloaded free of charge from the Global Land Cover Facility. Google Earth allows you view satellite images of the earth for free as does NASA’s WorldWind program. The FAO offers data on rivers, geomorphology, agriculture, vegetation, roads, villages and general infrastructure at their AfriCover website. In addition, the FAO also offer a Soils and Terrain (SOTER) layer for the entire African continent. The MODIS platform offers daily information on active fires across Africa, and will even send you an email with the location of fires in your area. For a list of useful websites and sources of spatial data see Appendix 3. Editing and maintaining base layers is very important, but can be exceptionally time consuming. In some cases simply having the base layer may not be sufficient and you may find you want to classify it further based on some criteria. For instance, the Serengeti Database required classifying all rivers into ephemeral, seasonal and permanent rather than just leaving them as rivers as this was not informative enough. Remember when you are editing layers that it is imperative to maintain sequential versions of the data as you proceed. Overwriting the previous versions can be disastrous. What happens if you suddenly discover that your edits are wrong? Having a previous version will save you a lot of time, heartache and gray hairs. Collecting Data: Ranger Based Monitoring Systems If you really want to understand an area, there is nothing better than exploring it on foot. The people who understand an ecosystem the best are the ones who look under the stones, climb the hills, and interact with the communities and cultures living around it. Generally, these are also the people who are fully aware of the threats a protected area faces. However, the reality is that only a select few are privileged enough to be able to do this. For the most part, managers are transferred out of the field to office positions where they are forced to make decisions remotely. Keeping managers in touch with events in the field allows them to react quickly and with certainty. Having a stream of information coming in from field rangers literally means that head knows what the eyes are seeing, and the park operates in a cohesive and coordinated manner. A <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 316
anger based monitoring system is a structured system of cataloguing important events that rangers are seeing in the field. There are a number of ways of collecting this information. CyberTracker offers a very nifty icon driven palm pilot that rangers simply record what they see as they proceed on patrol. Garmin also offers a GPS-radio combination (called the Rino) that allows rangers to report events to a radio control room, which automatically records the GPS location and time of the observation. Both these options are fairly expensive and for the 800USD that these units typically cost you can buy an astounding number of pencils and patrol forms. Beware of falling into the techno-trap. In the Serengeti, rangers collect information on daily patrol forms. Each patrol is issued a GPS unit with extra rechargeable batteries and a set of maps (the Garmin 72 is the easiest-to-use and most affordable GPS unit). The patrol form is printed in a carbon-copy booklet with tear-out triplicate sheets so that a copy of the patrol form can submitted as part of the monthly reports from the ranger post. The most common events are recorded with a check, which means that the data are simple to collect but fairly crude – they only indicate presence or absence. Important data, such as information about poachers’ camps, are collected as categorical and continuous fields, and therefore provide more detail. The park is divided into a series of grids identified with an alpha-numeric and the patrol identifies which grids they searched each day (e.g. A3, B3 and B4). This is an easy back-up system in case GPS’s fail or batteries die. In addition, detailed information is also collected during an interview with arrested poachers. This information is designed to provide insights into why people poach in the park. The information suggests that poaching is a means of making money especially for young men living near the park as there are few alternative options (Loibooki et al. 2002). Appendix 4 has a sample ranger patrol form and poacher interview form. Interviews are notoriously messy data, which begs the question of data verification. A poacher could simply lie all the way through an interview and provide you with false information. One simple trick while conducting interviews is to ask the same question twice but in slightly different contexts. For example, when a poacher is arrested with animal carcasses the rangers count the carcasses of each species. During the interview a few hours later, the poacher is asked how many carcasses they had. Any discrepancy gives you a crude indicator of the data’s accuracy. Asking questions to which you already know the answer provides some indication of the informant’s reliability. Maintaining the Flow of Data A ranger based monitoring system provides the structure for collecting data, but there is no point in amassing it if it is not going to be used. The flow of information is just as important as collecting it. In fact, the information stream should be thought of as a busy multi-lane super highway. Information coming in from the field rangers should be analyzed and reported to the managers, but it should not end there. For a field patrol to see reports with maps, trends, and names of outstanding rangers provides a flattering sense of recognition and a huge moral boost. And <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 317
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322: through existing databases not only
Page 323: The moral of these stories are that
Page 327 and 328: spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330: IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332: Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334: and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336: http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338: Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340: If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342: • Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344: • Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346: Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348: I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350: Publication Financially Supported b
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