Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Conclusion The increase in livestock grazing pressure experienced by BMNP is a result of both human population expansion in the region and the immigration of pastoralists and cattle from the lowlands where agriculture is expanding and grazing grounds are disappearing. Domestic livestock and wild grazers have been cohabiting in the highlands for centuries and there is evidence that low levels of grazing can be beneficial to vegetation growth and can maintain higher vegetation diversity (Harper 1969). However, the park management is now concerned that the high densities of cattle in some areas, coupled with the shift from a seasonal use of pastures to permanent grazing, may severely degrade Figure 6: Livestock densities recorded from line transects in Morebawa (Lower Web Valley) (A), Sodota (Upper Web Valley) (B) and Sanetti (C) between July 2007 and June 2008. Sodota (B) harbours the highest densities of livestock during the wet season (July- 07 and June-08), with sheep and goats being the most numerous type of livestock kept. Seasonality in livestock density is observed in Sodota (B) and to a lesser extent with cattle density in Morebawa (A). Sanetti remains a marginal grazing area for livestock. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 204
several of the Bale ecosystem components, including the hydrological system and the stability of major trophic webs. Outputs from this Livestock Grazing Project will indicate areas within BMNP where vegetation biomass is insufficient to maintain acceptable trophic functioning and areas where livestock grazing could continue without detriment to key ecological attributes. This step is important for identifying the “condition envelope” for vegetation within which the Afroalpine ecosystem of Bale that may be more resilient to human-induced landscape change compared to less resilient vegetation types. This in turn, can be used both adaptively to manage human activities and to sustain biodiversity (Salafsky et al. 2002). Acknowledgements We thank the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority, Oromia government and Bale Mountains National Park authorities for authorising permits allowing this research to take place and Frankfurt Zoological Society and the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme for providing logistical support in the field. Flavie Vial’s research is funded by WildCRU and grants from Frankfurt Zoological Society, Glasgow Natural History Society and the Wildlife Conservation Society and is supported by the Royal Geographical Society (with The Institute of British Geographers) with a British Airways Travel Bursary. References Anley, Y., Bogale, A. Hale-Gabriel, A. 2007. Adoption decision and use intensity of soil and water conservation measures by smallholder subsistence farmers in Dedo district, Western Ethiopia. Land Degradation and Development, 18: 289–302. Behnke, R. H., Scoones, I. and Kerven, C. 1993. Range Ecology at Disequilibrium: New Models of Natural Variability and Pastoral Adaptation in African Savannas, London, Overseas Development Institute. OARDB. 2007. Bale Mountains National Park General Management Plan. Oromia Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Bromley, D. W. 1997. Property regimes in environmental economics. In The International Yearbook of Environmental and Resource Economics (Folmer, H. and Tietenberg, T. (eds.)). Cheltenham, UK and Lyme,US: Edward Elgar. Brown, L. 1969. Observations on the status, habitat and behavior of the mountain nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni in Ethiopia. Mammalia, 33. Busby, G. B. J., Busby, J. S. E., Grant, J., Hoolahan, R. A. and Marsden, C. D. 2006. The Lone Wolf Project Final Report: An expedition to the Simien Mountains, 29th June to 12th September 2005. Unpublished expedition report. Clausnitzer, V., Churchfield, S. and Hutterer, R. 2003. Habitat occurence and feeding ecology of Crocidura montis and Lophuromys flavopunctatus on Mt. Elgon, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology, 41: 1-8. Coppock, D. L. 1994. The Borana Plateau of Southern Ethiopia: Synthesis of Pastoral Research, Development and Change 1980-1991. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, International Livestock Center for Africa. Delany, M. J. 1972. The ecology of small rodents in tropical Africa. Mammal Review, 2: 1- 42 <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 205
Page 1 and 2:
Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174: it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211: and control sites (areas where live
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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