Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Table 1 continued. List of the sampled waterbodies, with indication of some basic limnological and chemical parameters. Abbreviations include: LAT (latitude), LONG (longitude), ELEV (elevation), 1 (dry season values), 2 (wet season values), K25 (specific conductance at 25°C), SWTemp (surface water temperature), SECCHI (secchi depth), TP (total phosphorus), TN (total nitrogen), Chla (Chlorophyl a), # Taxa (number of Cladocera taxa per lake found after quick scanning). SWTemp SWTemp O2 O2 SECChI SECChI Chla Chla N° Lake Name (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2) TP (1) TP (2) TN (1) TN (2) (1) (2) °C °C mg/L mg/L cm cm µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/L µg/l µg/l 1 Kidney Lake 2.71 16.27 7.62 8.15 bottom bottom 93.53 83.06 1466.8 686.3 1.41 0.20 2 Central Lake 11.71 7.39 8.01 7.11 20.0 bottom 92.60 20.10 1084.4 298.1 0.98 0.11 3 Hara Lucas 2.60 7.21 6.94 7.04 bottom bottom 82.38 23.94 1430.4 429.7 1.23 0.27 4 Hara Lakota 1 (twin pond 1) 10.61 12.36 7.04 6.65 bottom bottom 131.93 19.48 1706.4 407.5 3.68 1.23 5 Hara Lakota 2 (twin pond 2) 11.90 11.85 8.44 7.11 20.0 bottom 68.44 22.24 1217.5 496.3 4.23 0.34 6 Togona Lake 8.50 11.40 7.42 6.28 bottom bottom 52.34 9.04 906.4 263.3 n.a. 0.61 7 Garba Guracha 9.87 14.35 5.56 7.21 350.0 350.0 43.98 28.99 474.9 486.6 6.11 1.83 8 Koromi Lake 7.80 11.83 7.90 6.61 30.0 bottom 88.88 22.70 836.4 203.8 0.75 0.25 9 Crane Lake 13.20 8.13 10.23 7.89 bottom bottom 209.98 68.32 1147.4 680.8 17.63 0.56 10 Hara Laki 8.90 9.17 8.32 6.56 10.0 bottom 92.91 37.44 2275.2 1339.3 5.59 0.29 11 Kuware Lake 5.40 13.13 7.00 7.81 10.0 45.0 108.40 102.39 1569.1 1052.3 5.55 0.34 12 Dimtu Lake 6.56 9.86 8.08 9.57 5.0 bottom 174.36 77.83 2688.5 1561.2 0.55 0.25 <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 176
total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, conductivity and pH) show considerable variation between seasons (i.e. they are all distinctly lower during the wet season except for pH which is higher). The lakes are naturally eutropic (average TP of 103.3 µg/L in the dry season and 43.0 µg/L in the wet season; average TN of 1400.3 µg/L in the wet season and 658.8 µg/L in the dry season), and they appear to be at the boundary between P and N limitation (average mass TN/TP of 13.55 during the dry season, and 15.33 during the wet weason; Guilford and Hecky 2000; Sterner 2008). Within the area of investigation, basalt (often olivine-basalt) is predominant and likely responsible for the low conductivity of most the lakes (surface-water conductivity ranging from 17 to 457 µS/cm in the dry season, and 17 to 263 µS/cm in the wet season). In at least one case (Hara Laki), alkaline trachyte contributes to the considerably elevated conductivities (2410 µS/cm during the dry season, and 912 µS/cm during the wet season). All lakes have a neutral to mildly basic pH (ranging from 7.09 to 9.40 in the dry season, and 7.53 to 9.56 in the wet season), and well-oxygenated bottom waters. They can all be classified as continuous warm polymictic (sensu Eggermont et al. 2007). Surfacewater temperatures at the time of sampling ranged from 2.6°C to 13.2°C during the dry season, and 7.2 and 16.3°C during the wet season. Surface-water temperatures are highly dependent on the time of sampling, but for lakes visited at basically the same hour (Hara Lucas, Hara Lakota, Koromi Lake, Hara Laki, and Dimtu Lake), they are always higher during the wet season. We also noticed nighttime freezing on several occasions. Based on the available data (more water chemistry data as well as vegetation monitoring data will become available shortly), we can already conclude that the Bale Mountain lakes have distinctly different properties during wet and dry seasons (i.e. seasonal variations within one lake are often as large as variations among lakes). The only exception is Garba Guracha, the only lake with a water depth exceeding 2m (the lake is hence more buffered against environmental fluctuations). Preliminary surveys of the plankton by Löffler demonstrated a large similarity between lakes. He found that virtually no phytoplankton or rotifers were present in any of the lakes and ponds. He also noted that the zooplankton was strikingly uniform and was comprised exclusively of paleartic species (like Daphnia obtusa, Arctodiaptomus (Rhabdiaptomus) n. sp., and Megacyclops viridis). The benthic Cladocera (mainly genera Macrothrix, Leydigia, Alona, Alonella, Chydorus), benthic copepods (with the exception of Paracyclops fimbratus) and ostracods, on the other hand, were found to belong to African subspecies/species or genera. In-depth study of the Bale Mountain Daphnia populations by Kotov and Taylor (2010), however, revealed misidentification and showed ‘Daphnia obtusa’ to be an endemic obtusa-like species (called Daphnia izpodvala) whose closest affinity is to the North American Daphnia puleata. Moreover, since the other Cladocera species were not identified to the species level, zoogeographical interpretations made earlier (emphasizing the palearctic character of Bale’s plankton and the continuous distribution of many of the species along the African mountain “backbone”) may not be totally correct. Our biological analyses are still in progress, but a quick screening of a small selection of samples revealed at least 12 species with various biogeographical affinities (Alona affinis, Alona guttata, Alona cf. rectangula, Alona costata species complex, Alona intermedia, Alonella excisa, Chydorus sphaericus species complex, Chydorus parvus, Daphnia izpodvala, Leydigia sp., Macrothrix hirsuticornis species complex, <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 177
Page 1 and 2:
Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Table showing the area for
Page 135 and 136: Table 5. Description of patchiness
Page 137 and 138: Acknowledgments This study was fund
Page 139 and 140: Characteristics and Origins of Glad
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1. Map with the approximate
Page 143 and 144: Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
Page 147 and 148: Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150: There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174: it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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