Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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A Preliminary Assessment of the Bale Monkey (Cercopithecus djamdjamensis) Population Size and Habitat Use in the Harenna Forest Kumara Wakjira 1 , Menassie Gashaw 2 and Michelle Pinard 3* 1 Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2 Darwin Project on Biodiversity Monitoring in the Harenna, BMNP, Ethiopia 3 Institute for Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, UK *Email: m.a.pinard@abdn.ac.uk Abstract Surveys were conducted in December 06-January 07 (dry season) and in August 07 (wet season) in the Harenna Forest to provide a preliminary estimate of population size and distribution of the Bale monkey. A total of 163 km of transects were surveyed in three habitats, bamboo forest, bamboomixed forest and non-bamboo forest. A total of 204 monkeys were observed, in 31 groups over an altitudinal range of 2200-3400 m a.s.l. Group size ranged from 2-20 (median = 5) and was similar for the two survey periods. Monkeys were found only in bamboo and mixed-bamboo forest. A mean density of 9.6 ind/km2 (SE=8.8) and overall abundance of 1437 individuals (SE=1315) were estimated. The high variability associated with these estimates is a consequence of small sample size. Repeated sampling and increased sampling effort within the sites is needed to increase the reliability of the population estimates. Introduction The Bale monkey (Cercopithecus djamdjamensis; Fig. 1) is considered by some to be endemic to Ethiopia (Kingdon 1997), but its taxonomy is uncertain, and the taxonomic level appropriate for determining endemics is subject to debate. Neumann (1902) described the Bale monkey as a new species, Cercopithecus djamdjamensis, naming it after the ‘Djam-Djam’ mountain, south of Dodola. Dandelot and Prevost (1972, cited by Shimada et al. 2002) further described the Bale monkey as Cercopithecus aethiops djamdjamensis, being a distinct form within the vervet and grivet monkeys’ complex; a taxonomic examination was made using specimens collected from localities west of Dodola. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 80
Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopithecus djamdjamensis) taken by Sisay Taye (19/03/2007) in the Harenna Forest. A Harenna Forest expedition in 1986 collected the specimen of Bale monkey but rather considered it as Sykes monkey (Hillman 1986) - whose range is known to be in Somalia. In the Harenna Forest, the Bale monkey was first recorded by Lernould (1988). According to historical information, the Bale monkey was originally distributed throughout the higher altitudes of the Ethiopian massifs (Kingdon 1997). But over time, their range was reduced due to loss of habitat and probably through hybridization with vervet or grivet monkeys (Kingdon 1997). Currently, Bale monkeys are thought to be restricted to the forest in south-east of the country (Kingdon 1997), but little information has been published about them. Kingdon (1997) believes that the Bale monkey deserves recognition as an endangered species because of its restricted habitat. The monkey has been recorded in the Harenna over time but little is known of its population size or habitat associations. The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary assessment of the population in the Harenna and to document the distribution and habitat associations for the species. This survey provides baseline information on the abundance of the Bale monkey and a sampling protocol that can be used for guiding the design of an appropriate monitoring and management strategy for the species and its habitat. Methods Study site The study area is located in the Harenna Forest, in the southern section of Bale Mountains National Park. Starting just below the escarpment, the study area includes the bamboo zone (2700-3400 m a.s.l), the bamboo-Schefflera-Hagenia zone (2300-2700 m a.s.l), the Aningeria zone (2000- 2300 m a.s.l) and Croton- Syzgium zone (1600-2000 m a.s.l). The study area was located in two areas, Harenna Rira and Harenna Wegie, within the park boundary. The largest portion of the study <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 81
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60: populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118: Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
Page 119 and 120: A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124: elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126: Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128: and managing natural resources and
Page 129 and 130: The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131 and 132: The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Table showing the area for
Page 135 and 136: Table 5. Description of patchiness
Page 137 and 138: Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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