Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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took place due to overgrazing, including shrub-land expansion, an increase in undesirable woody species, soil erosion and gullying, a decline in forage quality and quantity and species biodiversity (Jacobs and Schloeder 1993; Coppock 1994). The likely impacts of increasing settlement in BMNP can be anticipated by looking at the environmental degradation in similar protected areas that have been intensively exploited by humans. The Afroalpine habitat of the Simien Mountains National Park (SMNP), in the north of Ethiopia, offers an interesting insight into recent changes in mountain land use. With one of the densest rural populations in Africa, the majority of habitat below the tree line (
wildlife, especially the mountain nyala and Ethiopian wolf. Nyala and other antelopes compete directly with livestock for food and nyala are absent from areas where livestock numbers are high (Brown 1969). The Afroalpine habitat of BMNP has a simple and visible trophic structure with Ethiopian wolves and a diverse assemblage of raptors feeding almost exclusively upon a guild of burrowing rodents, including 10 species endemic to Ethiopia (Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1995; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 1995). The wolf’s diet is dominated by three rodent species endemic to Bale: the giant molerat, Tachyoryctes macrocephalus, Blick’s grass-rat, Arvicanthis blicki and the blackclawed brush-furred rat, Lophuromys melanonyx, (Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1995). The rodents, in turn, feed exclusively on forbs and grasses (Clausnitzer et al. 2003). All three rodent species are diurnal and found at very high densities in the Afroalpine zone of Bale, reaching biomass levels of 2,500-4,000 kg/km², rivalling that of large mammals on the Serengeti plains (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 1995). There is evidence to suggest that cattle compete with rodents (Delany 1972), possibly reducing the prey base of wolves and raptors in Bale. From a wildlife viewpoint, grazing is often a form of interference competition (Happold 1995). Historic and Recent Livestock Trends in the BMNP Current knowledge of the extent and impact of grazing, along with the quantification of the threats associated with it, is scarce and most management decisions have to be made with preliminary rather than detailed or expert knowledge. While several projects in the past have been involved in censusing livestock in BMNP, was only in the last few years that this project started to look at ways of quantifying the impact of livestock grazing on the vegetation and rodents and modelling this impact on higher-trophic levels (Ethiopian wolves and raptors). Such information is important for determining what livestock carrying capacities are sustainable in the Afroalpine. The Bale Mountains Research Project (Hillman, 1986) carried out regular surveys of wildlife and livestock between 1983 and 1992 which were subsequently continued by the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme (EWCP) from 1996 to present. EWCP monitors every month livestock abundance via line transect counts in Sanetti and Web Valley. Animals and people in Sanetti are counted along the Goba-Rira road that traverses the plateau in an almost straight line for 31km and covers three different types of wolf habitat (marginal, good and optimal). Counts in Web are conducted along a specifically designed line-transect, a 20 km circuit that samples over 30 km2 of optimal wolf habitat. Marino and colleagues (2006) summarised the trends in livestock abundance in different areas of the park (Web Valley, Western/Eastern/Central Sanetti) between 1987 and 2000 using the EWCP transect data and Hillman’s data (1986). Livestock abundances increased consistently throughout the monitoring period in all the study areas, with the exception of sheep and goats in Web Valley, with the highest densities of livestock recorded during the wet season (April-October). Highest livestock abundances were registered in the Web Valley, in optimal wolf habitat, where all livestock types were over four times more abundant than elsewhere. The livestock transect data <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 201
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174: it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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