Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Sterner, R.W., 2008. On the phosphorus limitation. Paradigm for lakes. International Review Hydrobiology, 93: 433-445. Russell J., H. Eggermont, R. Taylor and D. Verschuren, 2009. Paleolimnological Records of Recent Glacial Recession in the Rwenzori Mountains, Uganda-D. R. Congo. Journal of Paleolimnology, 41: 253-271. Tiercelin J.J., E. Gibert, M. Umer, R. Bonnefille, J.R. Disnar, A.M. Lézine, D. Hureau-Mazaudier, Y. Travi, D. Keravis and H.F. Lamb, 2008. High-resolution sedimentary record of the last deglaciation from a high-altitude lake in Ethiopia. quaternary Science Reviews, 27: 449- 467. Uhlig S.K. and Uhlig, K., 1991. Studies on the altitudinal zonation of forests and alpine plants in the central Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Mountain Research and Development, 11: 153-156. Umer M., H. Lamb, R. Bonnefille, A.M., Lézine, J.J. Tiercelin, E. Gibert, J.P. Cazet and J. Watrin, 2007. Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation history of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. quaternary Science Reviews, 26: 2229-2246. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 180
Direct Consumptive Use Value of Ecosystem Goods and Services in the Bale Mountains Eco-region, Ethiopia Charlene Watson 1* , E.J. Milner-Gulland 2 and Susana Mourato 1 1 Department of Geography & Environment, and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom. 2Centre for Environmental Policy, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, United Kingdom. *Email: c.watson2@lse.ac.uk Abstract The Bale Mountains Eco-Region supports diverse ecosystem goods and services on which rural communities are highly dependent for their wellbeing. Environmental contributions to the household production of crops, livestock and forest products are not adequately represented in policy; hence the Eco-Region is being steadily degraded. We assess the economic importance of ecosystem goods and services supporting agro-pastoral livelihoods. The direct consumptive use accruing to households annually is US$ 1157 from crop production, US$ 228 from livestock production, and US$ 407 from forest products. Household production decisions are opportunistic but also motivated by reaching a subsistence level of wellbeing. The mean annual direct consumptive use value is US$ 1791 irrespective of the household’s principal livelihood sources. Under current management, the annual direct consumptive use value is US$ 366,439,518 across the Eco-Region’s rural population. This suggests that these communities, heavily reliant on the environment for their livelihoods, will be severely impacted by declining resource quality. The underlying economic incentives and household dynamics of rural communities, in the context of local ecological conditions, need to be considered if conservation strategies are to be consistent with rural development goals. Introduction The rise in global population and wealth has not only increased the demand for ecosystem goods and services, but also necessitated that this demand is met from increasingly degraded ecosystems. In pursuit of higher levels of welfare, short-term demands are commonly met through the conversion of natural ecosystems into human managed land-uses causing the loss of biodiversity. The loss of multiple components of biodiversity providing services fundamental to long-term human welfare, is predicted to exacerbate poverty levels and reduce food security globally (MA 2005). Thus, ecosystem conservation should be regarded as a tool to meet international development goals. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 181
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
Page 137 and 138: Acknowledgments This study was fund
Page 139 and 140: Characteristics and Origins of Glad
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1. Map with the approximate
Page 143 and 144: Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
Page 147 and 148: Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150: There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171 and 172: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 173 and 174: it was absent from the central subz
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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