Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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water is located close to the hot spring, as are two small caves in the cliff. The site is used for Muda, a thanksgiving celebration in which people gather together all their possessions (livestock, honey, etc.) and give thanks to god for them. The celebration usually occurs in places of particular natural beauty, history or with unusual properties. The hot spring is also visited by wildlife, probably as a clay-lick due to formation of salt crusts on the cliffs. Finally, in Ordoba a small hora (hora Chakota) of good quality (2 mS of electrical conductivity) is found but it is used little. Figure 3. The only hot spring found within the park boundary, Tabala Sof Omar. The water in the spring was traditionally used for healing skin diseases but is currently little used as the settlements in the Ordoba region were abandoned. Hawo Among the nine horas found in Hawo (and Haro Gurratti), Dofo (Fig. 4a) and Waticha (Fig. 4b) are by far the most important and most intensively used. Their quality is highly valued and the sites are known and used by people living as far as Angetu and Adaba. Together with hora Dokke’ in Addeye, these horas rank as the best in the forest according to communities. Batu Tiqo, Batu Gudo and Guge are also used, but less intensively, while the other horas in the area are mostly unused. 4(a) 4(b) Figure 4. Hora Dofo (a) and Hora Wachita (b) are two of the nine springs found in Hawo and are by far the most important and intensively used springs in the Harenna. They are considered to be high value and are used from people living as far as Angetu and Adaba. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 230
Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye area have no gimba and are found in glades showing very little or no rockiness; this contrasts with horas in other areas, in that they generally have gimba and are found in rocky patches. Despite the abundance of horas in the area, only hora Dokke’ is used intensively. Two of the remaining horas (Riripha and Ataui) are filled with sediments and the rest are only rarely used. Haro Cerbo is used only as a supply of drinking water for humans and is not involved in livestock husbandry. Due to the relatively far distance of streams in Addeye, drinking water is taken from excavated wells nearby the main settlement, some of which, like Haro Cerbo, have mineral waters. Haro Cerbo use to be an important cultural site as a place of rituals and political assembly. Gebicho Five horas were found in Gebicho area, of which Habire’ is by far the most important. Of the remaining, only Busoftu is used occasionally, while the others are not used. Among these, Haro and Lensho were previously the best horas of the forest and were lately destroyed by the Gabarra, a population hostile to the Oromo allegedly living in the forest before their arrival. Eastern forest The Eastern forest (east of the Goba to Dello Mena road) is only occupied during the dry season by settlers from Dello Mena. Five horas were found in this area, of which Higan, situated in the coffee area and visited by a large number of livestock every year, is the most important. Also found in the coffee area is hora Sankate, which is more saline than Higan but less intensively used. The three horas named Alachera, situated in the south-east territory of Rira, are mostly unused and clearly visited by wildlife. In the past, they were used by people living nearby Katcha. Unreached sites This survey identified, but failed to reach, five more horas in Shawe Dimtu and two tabalas in Angetu (used for healing purposes). It is therefore not clear the extent to which these horas are valued and used by local pastoralists. Locations relative to the proposed BMNP zonation The 2007 General Management Plan prescribes the zonation of the BMNP into a Conservation Zone (CZ) and a Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management Zone (C&SNRMZ), the first being subject to strict limitations in terms of settlements and human activities, while settlements and sustainable use of resources are allowed in the latter. Under this proposed scheme, thought as flexible in terms of exact boundaries, the Harenna forest is divided into two blocks: west of the Goba to Dello Mena road (C&SNRMZ) and east of the same road (CZ). Within the CZ access to cultural sites and horas following agreed routes is allowed. The results of the survey indicate that the proposed zonation is generally compatible with the distribution and use of horas. Most of the important horas (five out of six) are located west of the <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 231
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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