Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Figure 3. Escapement values for Acacia gerardii for different height classes during three different scenarios of elephant density and fire prevalence (reproduced from (Dublin et al. 1990)) Professor Craig Packer did a similar trick using tourist pictures of lions in the Ngorongoro Crater. A lion’s whisker spot pattern is a bit like a human fingerprint in that it is unique between individuals and it does not change over time. With an article in National Geographic, Packer solicited the support of park visitors and compiled an astounding collection of historic lion photos from the Crater. From this collection he was able to identify individual lions and recreate lineages, population estimates, and trends over time based solely on tourist photos (Fig. 4) (Packer et al. 1991). Figure 4. Population size and composition of Ngorongoro Crater lions recreated from historic photos (reproduced from (Packer et al. 1991)) <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 314
The moral of these stories are that we shouldn’t throw the baby out with the bath water when we start collecting information. Good databases find a way to include historic data, and build on previous knowledge. Sometimes with a bit of investment, quantifying old descriptive data can give a database a huge head-start. Metadata Metadata is data about data, which may initially strike you as totally absurd. Metadata provides information about the data’s accuracy, its shortcomings, or even who to contact regarding it. If we use data blindly, we run the risk of making decisions based on very sketchy grounds and with unknown assumptions. Using data without metadata is a bit like taking medication without reading the label on the bottle: it can be exciting at first but more often than not it only leads to more problems. Each data set should have its own metadata file associated with it, even as a simple text document stored in the same folder as the data on your computer. Some things that could be included in metadata files are: (1) the source of the data; (2) a contact person or organization; (3) how the was data collected; (4) a description of the data; (5) date that it was acquired; (6) date that it was last modified; (7) who modified it last; (8) why was it modified; (9) possible sources of error; (10) improvement suggestions; (11) missing data; (12) who has used the data; (13) contacts for people who have used the data (i.e. collaborators); (14) associated files or databases; and (15) for GIS layers always remember to provide which datum and projection the layers are stored in. See Appendix 2 for a text based metadata file. The Serengeti Database has a copy of this metadata file associated with every data folder. Data for Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Modern computing has revolutionized mapping and turned it into a tool that non-professionals can use. GIS enables users to overlay different types of spatial data and analyze it for relationships with the simple click of a button. For instance, overlaying the locations where animals have been seen with vegetation patterns gives us indicators of habitat selection. Seasonal movements of migrants can be analyzed based on rainfall isoclines generated by spatial interpolation. Satellite images of fire scars can be compared on a yearly basis to identify areas that are repeatedly burnt. A free and very simple GIS tool for park managers called TerraLook is offered through the Protected Areas Archive hosted by NASA. In addition they will provide Aster images for the area you are interested in, as part of their free service (see Appendix 3). Building a GIS database is very similar to building a house. The foundations consist of routinely used information layers, called base layers. Layers such as hydrology, geology, soils, contours, vegetation, boundaries, roads, and infrastructure are all base layers. By adding new layers such as fire scars, poaching events, or Ethiopian wolf observations on top of this framework you <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 315
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
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Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321: through existing databases not only
Page 325 and 326: anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328: spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330: IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332: Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334: and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336: http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338: Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340: If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342: • Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344: • Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346: Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348: I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350: Publication Financially Supported b
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