Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Kaplinsky, R. and Moris, M. 2001. A Handbook for Value Chain Research, IDRC Kenya Forestry Research Institute. 2007. Guidelines for Growing Bamboo, Nairobi. Kigomo, B. 1988. Distribution, cultivation and research status of bamboo in eastern Africa. KEFRI, Ecology Series (B) 8 (1-2): 5-13. Liese, W. 1985. Bamboo - Biology, Silvics, Properties and Utilization, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany. LUSO Consult. 1997. Study on Sustainable Bamboo Management, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ohrnberger, D. 1999. The Bamboos of the World. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Overseas Development Institute. 2006. The Business Side of Sustainable Forest Management: Small and Medium Forest Enterprise Development for Poverty Reduction In: Natural Resource Perspectives #104. Pearce, J. A. and Robinson, B. R. 2007. Strategic Management Formulation, Implementation and Control, McGraw Hill International <strong>Edition</strong>, pp. 158 – 162. Stamm, A. 2004. Value Chains for Development Policy: Challenges for Trade Policy and the Promotion of Economic Development, GTZ Report. Statz, J., Dede, P. and Adenew, B. 2007. Bamboo Marketing for the Eastern Africa Bamboo Project Kenya and Ethiopia, Technical Report for UNIDO, pp. 77-78. Suzuki, T. and Jacalne, M. V. 1986. Aboveground Biomass and the Growth of Bamboo Stands in the Philippines. Japan Agricultural Research quarterly, 20(1): 85-91. Wimbush, S.H. 1947. The African Alpine Bamboo. The Empire Forestry Journal, 24(1):33-39. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 224
The Distribution, Properties and Uses of Mineral Springs in the Harenna Forest Giovanni Chiodi and Michelle Pinard* Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK *Email: m.a.pinard@abdn.ac.uk Abstract The Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) is inhabited by Oromo pastoralists, farmers and bee keepers, who use the mineral springs (horas) extensively in relation to livestock husbandry. A survey was conducted in Nov-Dec 2007 to provide a preliminary account of the distribution, properties and use of horas and hot-springs (tabalas) in the Harenna forest. A total of 47 horas and 3 tabalas were identified. Tabalas are used occasionally for healing skin and stomach illnesses and for thanksgiving celebrations. Six horas were found to be particularly important for livestock. Horas are used as a salt supplement for livestock and, in combination with availability of grazing, are linked to the seasonal movement of people in the forest. The results of this survey indicate the importance of the historical dimension to current resource use patterns and the importance of engaging with local people to document and design relevant management initiatives. Introduction Mineral springs and hot-springs are common in the East African landscape, where they are associated with tectonic activity in the Great Rift Valley. In Ethiopia their waters are generally rich in sodium (Hillman 1988; Teklemariam et al. 1996; Demlie et al. 2007) and local pastoralists traditionally use them to provide mineral nutrients to their livestock (Hillman 1988; Kabaija 1989). This practice occurs in the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP), one of the most important protected areas in Ethiopia. The BMNP is inhabited by Oromo pastoralists, farmers and bee keepers, who, in their livestock husbandry, make extensive use of the mineral springs (“horas” in the Oromo language) found within the park. Good quality horas, for example hora Worgona on the Sanetti plateau in BMNP, are extremely valuable to traditional Oromo livelihoods and attract a large number of users every year. The horas have a large influence on the seasonal movement of people and livestock within the park and the sustainability of the practice has been questioned and remains a central issue for conservation. The park conservation strategy currently aims to achieve sustainable use of the natural resources through participative processes, without neglecting the cultural value of the landscape <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 225
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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