Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Tourism and Protected Areas: Tourism Development in the Bale Mountains National Park Biniyam Admasu 1 , Addisu Asefa 2 and Anouska A. Kinahan 1* 1 Frankfurt Zoological Society, Bale Mountains Conservation Project, PO Box 165, Robe, Ethiopia 2 Bale Mountains National Park, PO Box 107, Goba, Ethiopia *Email: anouskakinahan@fzs.org Abstract Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries globally and is a very important industry providing over 50% of the GDP in 49 of the least developed countries and many local benefits such as employment and improved infrastructure. As the demand for appreciative, experience and learning tourism increases, and with increasing awareness of social injustices and environmental protection, more people are looking towards low impact tourism and/or community-based tourism development initiatives. The Ethiopian government is increasingly placing eco-tourism development on the national agenda. Since the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) is one of the most important protected areas in the country, BMNP is likely to be a key player in realising these initiatives. BMNP’s unique natural heritage and outstanding beauty and diverse attractions have great tourism potential. However, the presence of some critical challenges and constraints, such as poor accessibility, poor infrastructure and lack of marketing and available funds, all currently inhibit BMNP from fulfilling its tourism potential. Despite this, with the development of a new General Management Plan, strategies for developing new partnerships and better funding and marketing will be positive steps towards realising BMNP’s environmental and cultural tourism value. Introduction A tourist is defined as ‘any person visiting a country other than that which is his/her usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation remunerated from within the country visited’ (United Nations 1963). Today, tourism is one of the fastest growing industries globally (Telfer 2006). This increase in global tourism can be attributed to a number of factors. Advances in health care mean that people live longer and hence the proportion of the global population able to travel is larger. Furthermore, a general increase in income, particularly in developed countries, affords people the opportunity to travel more than before and access to information technology and increasing travel options are further factors encouraging people to travel more widely and frequently (Eagles et al. 2002). Domestic tourism accounts for 80% of all tourism activity (Neto 2002). International tourism <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 282
however continues to rise and in 1999 it became the industry that had the highest value of export goods and services worldwide, exceeding that of other industries such as automotive products, chemicals, and computer and office equipment (WTO 2001). In 49 of the least developed countries, tourism accounts for more than 50% of the GDP. In 1989 Africa had 13.8 million arrivals and US$4.5 billion receipts; in 1998 this increased to 24.9 million arrivals and US$9.6 billion receipts (WTO 2001). Tourism can also generate local tax revenues, open new foreign exchange markets and diversify local economies through employment and the creation of small business opportunities (Eagles et al. 2002). As a result, tourism development is usually accompanied by improved infrastructure, telecommunications and other public utilities which can lead to improved living conditions for local people (Neto 2002). Further, in developing countries it is one of the few sectors that often provide employment opportunities for women and unskilled workers, thus contributing to the empowerment of women and poverty alleviation (Neto 2002). Incurring all these benefits, however, depends on the levels of tourism which, in turn, can depend on a number of factors. Countries to visit can vary in popularity according to tastes, political instability, natural disasters and, importantly, the extent of tourism is largely dependant on global economic stability. This can make it a volatile industry and, thus, high risk for countries whose economy places a high dependency on the tourist industry. Nonetheless, tourism is often identified as the most promising industry for the economic development of less developed countries (Eagles et al. 2002). Tourism in Protected Areas Eco-tourism is fast becoming a popular form of tourism world-wide. As the average global literacy and education levels rise so does the demand for appreciative (nature or cultural), experience and learning tourism (Eagles et. al. 2002). In addition, there is growing concern about social injustices and environmental protection and tourists are becoming more aware of the necessity for low impact and culturally/environmentally sensitive tourism and often want to support local conservation or community development initiatives (Eagles et. al. 2002). Eco-tourism can be defined as “……a sustainable form of natural resource-based tourism that focuses primarily on experiencing and learning about nature; and which is ethically managed to be low-impact, non-consumptive, and locally oriented (control, benefits, and scale). It typically occurs in natural areas and should contribute to the conservation or preservation of such areas” (Fennell 1999). This definition of eco-tourism suggests that protected areas can be key players in developing this industry. In the IUCN categories of Protected Areas, tourism and recreation are likely to be key management objectives in all categories except 1a (strict nature reserve). In Costa Rica for example, more than 25% of the country is covered by national parks, wildlife refuges and biological reserves and in 1999 the country had 1.03 million tourists of which 66% visited a protected area. With tourist receipts for the country currently reaching above US$1billion, national parks are now a critical component of its eco-tourism industry (Brown 2001). Eco-tourism can also play an important role in the conservation of protected areas by, for <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 283
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322: through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324: The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326: anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328: spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330: IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332: Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334: and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336: http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338: Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340: If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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