Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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3) It is no longer customers from only Goba and Robe buying culms, more and more intermediaries are taking bamboo to neighbouring towns as more people become aware of the value of bamboo. The availability of culms in markets have increased in order to satisfy this demand increase in cities. Also greater community awareness of income derived from bamboo has made bamboo harvesting a more attractive livelihood option. Consumers of products such as baskets and beehives are also increasing through time according to the producers. Consumers to the most part, however, are not satisfied with the quality but buy the products because they are cheaper than other wooden products. Tax Collectors According to the tax collector, tax collection procedures outlined herein started during the Derg regime. The Government collects 1 ETB per bundle (0.042 ETB/culm) and it is the buyer that pays the tax. On average, monthly income of the Government from tax is 8,467.2 ETB. However, to reduce the tax, people have started placing more culms in a bundle – a bundle used to be made up of 12 culms but now it is made up of 24 culms. This is affecting the Government’s income and has become a concern that needs to be addressed. Figure 2. Final value chain map <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 220
The above figure shows the various chains that are identified among actors. Harvesters are linked to producers, intermediaries and direct consumers, whereas intermediaries are linked to producers and consumers. Thus, the solid arrows show the links between the chain actors. In addition, the broken arrows show the percentage of bamboo value at each level of the respective chain. Discussion The use of bamboo in Shedem, as in most parts of Ethiopia where bamboo is used, ranges from household use to trading in order to generate income. Houses and fences in Shedem are made of bamboo as are beds, beehives, and grain storages. It was found that 85–95% of the community relies on bamboo business with an average of 47% of their income being derived from it. However, the income deviation from the mean is found to be high suggesting the economic benefit derived from bamboo in Shedem is not similar across all community members. This needs attention as some marginalised households (elderly and female headed ones) might not be able to earn as much benefit. It is estimated that the total annual amount of bamboo harvested in Shedem is between 3,356,055–3,750,885 culms; i.e. 1.18–1.3% of the total resource available per year. It is generally recommended to harvest only mature bamboo culms (3–4 years of age and up) and up to 70% of the culms on a given surface. Effective bamboo management involves systematic but selective cutting of mature culms, thereby harvesting a crop that is valuable (KEFRI 2007). This percentage of harvest in Shedem is quite low and sustainability is probably not a concern at this stage. However, the fact that young culms and shoots are damaged in the harvesting sites and that the majority of the forest area is far and hard to access, suggests a higher harvest rate in the relatively accessible sites where the harvesting activities are currently concentrated. It should also be noted that there are other kebeles, including Adaba Gefecha, that boarder the bamboo forest. Hence, the rate of harvest is definitely more than what is stated above for Shedem households alone. However, since the majority of the bamboo harvest is observed to be in Shedem kebele, this still does not cause alarm regarding unsustainable culm removal. In Shedem, large family sizes are seen which are generally attributed to the practice of polygamy. Both the large family size and large age range of harvesters call for caution as it could highly increase bamboo harvesting in the kebele with the increase in population. Fortunately, among the interviewees 80% were literate showing high potential for various training as part of development interventions. There is high demand for bamboo materials and furniture in Shedem, Goba and Robe. In Shedem people are keen to learn how to make such furniture for their own use whereas consumers in Goba and Robe have high demand for quality furniture and other crafts to be available in markets. The high demand shows that there could be lucrative market for bamboo if more people are trained and current quality is improved, as well as ensuring sustainable practices. The value chain of bamboo originating from Shedem was found to be fairly simple. The chain actors are the farmers in Shedem who harvest bamboo for sale (value = 1ETB/culm), <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 221
Page 1 and 2:
Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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