Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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the agreements would form institutional bodies with community and park authority representation for long-term monitoring and evaluation of resource use. The process would also include local legal institutions to facilitate by-law establishment and ensure that the basis of these is understood for effective enforcement. Thus the SNRM programme was designed to strengthen the local institutional and legal framework to support this approach. Since the ratification of the GMP, new federal regulations have been published that prohibit either settlement or natural resource use in the BMNP and other National Parks in Ethiopia, rendering many of the actions in the SNRM programme unworkable. New strategies will need to be devised to deal with the threats to the park posed by settlement, agriculture and unsustainable resource use (Tadesse et al. this edition). Tourism Provision and Management Programme This programme aims to develop and manage tourism in the BMNP in a culturally and environmentally friendly manner so that revenue generated through tourism contributes both to long-term conservation management and to diversifying the livelihood opportunities of park-associated communities (see also Admasu et al. this edition). Tourism is a growth area internationally and nationally and under this programme BMNP management would work with local communities and private sector tourism partners to provide a diverse visitor experience that takes advantage of the uniqueness of the Bale Mountains. Tourism provision requires detailed and comprehensive planning, with technical expertise that is outwith the scope of this GMP. Thus, for instance, improved marketing would be carried out in collaboration with other actors with similar goals. A tourist friendly environment will be created through training and discussion with park staff, tourism partners and local communities. In addition, high quality interpretative centres were planned. The primary role of the BMNP in tourism management is to develop, monitor and enforce policies and guidelines. Tourism services will be provided by the private sector or community groups, under agreement with park management. Prototype concession agreements and leasing procedures were being developed so that private investors could become the implementing partners in tourism provision, and to ensure that benefits accrue equitably to both the park and park-associated communities. The GMP outlined strategies to enable communities to participate and share benefits from BMNP tourism. This included actions to improve understanding of tourists and the tourism industry in communities prioritised for community tourism development so that they would have the ability to participate in an informed and proactive manner. Community Tourism Development Committees (CTDC) were to be established in target communities and capacity built to establish governance, tourism management and benefit-sharing structures. It was hoped that the CTDCs would be able to adopt and implement realistic community tourism developments and attempt to obtain funding for their construction. The BMNP would work with other actors in the ecosystem, nationally and internationally who have the technical knowledge to assist with community tourism. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 252
Park Operations Programme This programme envisages a secure and efficiently run National Park, using an adaptive management system that is a working model for PA management throughout Africa and elsewhere. Resource protection is a key feature and this requires a number of initiatives. Park and zone boundaries would be agreed with local communities and demarcated on the ground, after which the BMNP would be gazetted. Infrastructure development and sufficient equipment is required for effective management, particularly with the potential increase in staff. An efficient patrolling and scout deployment system would be designed and implemented to expand the sphere of management influence beyond the northern corner of the BMNP. A priority was to implement administration and human resource management systems that are efficient and effective and that will lead to a motivated, appropriately trained and professional staff team. Park administration and financial systems would be modernised and streamlined, with actions designed to implement an adaptive planning system that would monitor GMP implementation and the changing context and adapt accordingly. Finally, inadequate financing is a key obstacle for BMNP management and actions were drawn up that would improve understanding of the economic and financial flows in the ecosystem and investigate innovative internal and external funding mechanisms so that a comprehensive business plan for the BMNP could be developed. Outreach Programme This programme is built on a strategy of effective partnerships that enhance dialogue and participatory management, strengthen the global image of the BMNP and facilitate livelihood development. It was designed to increase dialogue and the mutual flow of information between the park and relevant stakeholders by creating structures for dialogue at different levels. These include the formation of a Management Board to oversee policy and BMNP management, (including GMP implementation) and a Regional Steering Committee, including community representatives, to advise management and to coordinate with other governmental and non-governmental actors in the area. These groups would create a sense of involvement and ownership in BMNP operations. Beyond this, the programme would use other opportunities to engage local, national and international stakeholders. These include listing the BMNP as a World Heritage Site, using diverse media to increase awareness and strengthening and coordinating current environmental education programmes. The programme aims to generate a positive flow of benefits from the BMNP – including information, ideas, education opportunities, the facilitation of development initiatives and, where possible, revenue. A key feature is facilitating livelihood development through partnerships, whilst reducing costs for park-resident and park-adjacent communities (one of the main issues raised during stakeholder consultations). Lessons Learned and the Way Forward PA management planning is often criticised for not being inclusive, often leading to the plans not being properly implemented by the responsible staff or partners written into the plan. This typically <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 253
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259: understood threats were also identi
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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