Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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lead to greatly inflated population estimates, Waits and Leberg 2000; Creel et al. 2003). Rigorous laboratory protocols can reduce the number of genotyping errors, such that their consequences for demographic and genetic monitoring are sufficiently minimised. Randall (2006), determined that (i) faecal samples provide a useful source of DNA for noninvasive genetic studies in Ethiopian wolves, and (ii) three PCR replications were sufficient to obtain reliable multilocus genotypes in this study if the DNA concentrations in faecal extracts was sufficiently high. Thus a system of ‘extract sorting’ (Morin et al. 2001) is recommended to substantially increase the reliability of the genotyping results while alleviating the need for excessive and costly PCR replications. This means selecting a priori those samples with sufficient DNA to give reliable genotyping results with minimal replications. One drawback of monitoring population size and demography using genetic methods is the longer time required to process samples in the lab (particularly non-invasive faecal samples) and, thus, obtain results. Conclusions From a conservation management perspective, the EWCP’s monitoring programme for Bale has three main aims: (1) to obtain reliable, annual population estimates for the wolf population that includes all available wolf habitat in the Bale massif (including both low and high density areas), (2) to detect rapid, short-term declines caused by outbreaks of disease that might necessitate immediate intervention or other management action, and (3) to detect slow declines (or increases) over the longterm, resulting from habitat modification/loss or other environmental and demographic factors. A fourth aim is to monitor genetic diversity over time. Importantly, the future monitoring programme should ensure comparability of population estimates with the existing long-term dataset. Given these aims, EWCP has designed a monitoring protocol for Bale that targets six focal packs in each of three core wolf areas (i.e. Web, Sanetti and Morebawa) to ensure early detection of drastic declines and clinical signs of disease. Data collected includes detailed information on pack size, structure, territorial boundaries, and breeding success for all focal packs. In addition, the monitors collect data on a similar number of peripheral packs for each core study area. Elsewhere in the Bale massif, demographic and reproduction data are collected opportunistically. Non-invasive genetic sampling could also provide a tool for monitoring changes in wolf demography and genetic diversity throughout the species’ range, particularly where other census methods are not feasible. References Allendorf, F.W. and Leary, R.F. 1986. Heterozygosity and fitness in natural populations of animals. In Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. (Soulé, M.E. (ed)) pp. 57- 76. Sunderland, Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates. Amos, W. and Balmford, A. 2001. When does conservation genetics matter? Heredity, 87: 257-265. Ash, N.J. 2001. Expansion of Ethiopian wolf conservation to northern Ethiopia. Canid News 4 (2): Online <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 36
Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L., Rotella, J., Zeigle, J., Joe, L., Murphy, K.M. and Smith, D. 2003. Population size estimation in Yellowstone wolves with error-prone noninvasive microsatellite genotypes. Molecular Ecology, 12 (7): 2003-2009. Falconer, D.S. 1989. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 3rd ed. Harlow, Longman. Frankham, R. 1995. Conservation genetics. Annual Review of Genetics, 29: 305-327. Gilpin, M.E. and Soulé, M.E. 1986. Minimal viable populations: the processes of species extinctions. In Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. (Soulé, M.E. (ed)) pp. 13- 34. Sunderland, MA, Sinauer Associates. Gottelli, D. and Sillero-Zubiri, C. 1992. The Ethiopian wolf - an endangered endemic canid. Oryx, 26 (4): 205-214. Hillman, J.C. 1986. Bale Mountains National Park Management Plan. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organisation Knobel, D., Fooks, A.R., Brookes, S., Randall, D.A., Williams, S.D., Argaw, K., Shiferaw, F., Tallents, L.A. and Laurenson, M.K. 2008. Trapping and vaccination of endangered Ethiopian wolves to control an outbreak of rabies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45: 109-116. Kohn, M. and Wayne, R.K. 1997. Facts from feces revisited. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 12: 223-227. Lande, R. 1988. Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science, 241: 1455-1460. Lande, R. and Barrowclough, C. 1987. Effective population size, genetic variation, and their use in population management. In Viable Populations for Conservation. (Soulé, M.E. (ed)) pp. 87- 123. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Marino, J. 2003a. The spatial ecology of the Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis. Department of Zoology. Oxford, UK, University of Oxford Marino, J. 2003b. Threatened Ethiopian wolves persist in small isolated Afroalpine enclaves. Oryx, 37: 62-71. Marino, J., Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Macdonald, D.W. 2006. Trends, dynamics and resilience of an Ethiopian wolf population. Animal Conservation, 9: 49-58. Morin, P.A., Chambers, K.E., Boesch, C. and Vigilant, L. 2001. quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of DNA from noninvasive samples for accurate microsatellite genotyping of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). Molecular Ecology, 10 (7): 1835-1844. Ralls, K. and Ballou, J.D. 1986. Captive breeding programs for populations with a small number of founders. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1: 19-22. Randall, D.A. 2006. Determinants of genetic variation in the Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis, PhD Thesis, University of Oxford Randall, D.A., Pollinger, J.P., Argaw, K., Macdonald, D.W. and Wayne, R.K. 2010. Fine-scale genetic structure in Ethiopian wolves imposed by sociality, migration and population bottlenecks. Conservation Genetics, 11: 89-101. Randall, D.A., Pollinger, J.P., Wayne, R.K., Tallents, L.A., Johnson, P.J. and Macdonald, D.W. 2007. Inbreeding is reduced by female-biased dispersal and mating behavior in Ethiopian wolves. Behavioral Ecology, 18 (3): 579-589. Randall, D.A., Williams, S.D., Kuzmin, I.V., Rupprecht, C.E., Tallents, L.A., Tefera, Z., Argaw, K., Shiferaw, F., Knobel, D.L., Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Laurenson, M.K. 2004. Rabies in endangered Ethiopian wolves. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10 (12): 2214-2217. Sillero-Zubiri, C. 1994. Behavioural ecology of the Ethiopian wolf, Canis simensis, DPhil thesis, University of Oxford: Sillero-Zubiri, C. 1996. Field immobilization of Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 32 (1): 147-151. Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Gottelli, D. 1994. Canis simensis. Mammal species, 485: 1-6. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 37
Page 1 and 2: Walia Spec
Page 3 and 4: This Special <stro
Page 5 and 6: Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
Page 7 and 8: FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
Page 9 and 10: Introduction This Special</
Page 11 and 12: Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 13 and 14: History and Physical Features of th
Page 15 and 16: Name of Order Name of Family No of
Page 17 and 18: wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
Page 19 and 20: Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
Page 21 and 22: Scientific name Common name Sources
Page 23 and 24: Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
Page 25 and 26: interactions? 2) Would such classif
Page 27 and 28: feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32: Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34: of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36: Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60: populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96:
Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106:
Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108:
of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114:
other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126:
Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131 and 132:
The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134:
Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
Page 139 and 140:
Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194:
Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198:
2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202:
accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204:
Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206:
Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222:
Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226:
Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228:
Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230:
The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234:
The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236:
preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238:
Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240:
Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242:
Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244:
Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248:
Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250:
Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252:
General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254:
BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256:
effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262:
Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268:
pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270:
of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272:
have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274:
2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278:
Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284:
Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286:
Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288:
Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290:
Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292:
however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294:
Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296:
the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300:
An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302:
at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304:
Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306:
emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308:
Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310:
or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312:
Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314:
across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316:
sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318:
What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320:
scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322:
through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324:
The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326:
anger based monitoring system is a
Page 327 and 328:
spatial and temporal extent of the
Page 329 and 330:
IUCN Red Listed Species Description
Page 331 and 332:
Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
Page 333 and 334:
and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
Page 335 and 336:
http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
Page 337 and 338:
Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
Page 339 and 340:
If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
Page 341 and 342:
• Improve research work on wildli
Page 343 and 344:
• Development Partners (donors) a
Page 345 and 346:
Sustainable Development of the Prot
Page 347 and 348:
I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
Page 350:
Publication Financially Supported b
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