Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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The Cost of <strong>Special</strong>isation: A Conservation Challenge The apparently sterile Afroalpine steppes of Ethiopia support a rodent biomass which is spatially and temporally predictable, and comparable to other rodent-rich habitats elsewhere in Africa, which may explain why the Ethiopian wolf is the only canid to specialize so completely on rodents (Sillero- Zubiri et al. 1995a). The rodents’ distribution and diurnal activity also concur with Ethiopian wolves’ diurnal and solitary foraging habits, and their confinement to Afroalpine habitats over 3,000 m a.s.l.. Global warming during the last 10,000 years progressively confined the Afroalpine ecosystem to the highest mountains, and today 60% of all Ethiopian land above 3,000 m has been converted to farmland (Marino 2003a). Ethiopian wolves face threats that arise from their isolation, small size, and the increasing contact with humans and disease transmission from domestic dogs (Sillero-Zubiri and Marino 2004). Transmission of rabies is the main threat for wolves in Bale population and can have serious consequences for small populations (Haydon et al. 2002, 2006; Randall et al. 2004, 2006). Elsewhere habitat loss is ever increasing the risk of population extinctions. Two small populations became extinct when suitable wolf range shrunk below 20 km² in recent years (Marino 2003a), but seven still survive in Afroalpine ranges across the country, with Bale the largest (Marino 2002a; Randall et al. this edition). Aspects of the demography of wolves in Bale, particularly their high adult survivorship, also stress the resilience and stability of wolf populations (Marino 2003b; Marino et al 2006; Haydon et al. 2002). Although their small, fragmented populations are a poor omen for Ethiopian wolves, their concentration in a few clearly defined sites, their charisma and, we hope, a fair understanding of their biology, lend hope that with unwavering commitment from all concerned and adherence to a well-founded management plan (Sillero-Zubiri and Macdonald 1997; Sillero- Zubiri et al. 2004) they will survive. Protective measures require the consolidation of the General Management Plan for the Bale Mountains National Park (OARDB 2007) and other protected areas, and active efforts to monitor and protect all remaining populations. Acknowledgements We thank the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority and the Bale Mountains National Park for permission to undertake this research, and all the staff of the Ethiopian Wolf Conservation Programme (EWCP) who assisted collecting data in the last 20 years. EWCP is a partnership between the Oxford University’s WildCRU and the Ethiopian authorities under the auspices of the IUCN/SSC Canid <strong>Special</strong>ist Group. We thank Born Free Foundation, Frankfurt Zoological Society, Wildlife Conservation Network, Wildlife Conservation Society, Peoples’ Trust for Endangered Species and many others for their financial support. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 76
References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Common property resource management of an Afroalpine habitat: supporting a population of the critically endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis). DPhil Thesis. Durrel Institute of Conservation and Ecology. University of Kent, UK. Ashenafi, Z.T., T. Coulson, Sillero-Zubiri, C. andLeader-Williams, N. 2005. Behaviour and ecology of the Ethiopian wolf in a human-dominated landscape outside protected areas. Animal Conservation, 8: 113-121. Carbone, C., Mace, G.M., Roberts S.C., and Macdonald, D.W. 1999. Energetic constraints on the diet of terrestrial carnivores. Nature, 402: 286-288 Dobson, F.S. 1982. Competition for males and predominant juvenile male dispersal in mammals. Animal Behaviour, 30: 1183-1192. Gottelli, D., and Sillero-Zubiri, C. 1992. The Ethiopian wolf - an endangered endemic canid. Oryx, 26: 205-214. Gottelli, D., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Applebaum, G.D., Roy, M.S., Girman, D.J., Garcia-Moreno, J., Ostranders, E.A. and Wayne, R.K. 1994. Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: The Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis. Molecular Ecology, 3:301-312. Gottelli, D., Marino, J., Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Funk, S.M. 2004. The effect of the last glacial age on speciation and population genetic structure of the endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis). Molecular Ecology, 13: 2275-2286. Harvey, P.H., and Ralls, K. 1986. Do animals avoid incest? Nature, 320: 575-576. Haydon, D.T., Laurenson, M.K. and Sillero-Zubiri, C. 2002. Integrating epidemiology into population viability analysis: managing the risk posed by rabies and canine distemper to the Ethiopian wolf. Conservation Biology, 16: 1372-1385. Haydon, D.T., Randall, D.A., Matthews, L., Knobel, D.L., Tallents, L.A., Gravenor, M.B., Williams, S.D., Pollinger, J.P., Cleveland, S., Woodhouse, M.E.L., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Marino, J., Macdonald, D.W. and Laurenson, M.K. 2006. Low-coverage vaccination strategies for the conservation of endangered species. Nature, 443: 692-695. Johnson, N., Mansfield, K.L. Marston, D.A., Wilson, C., Goddard, T., Selden, D., Hemson, G., Edea, L., van Kesteren, F., Shiferaw, F., Stewart, A.E., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Fooks, A.R. 2010. A new outbreak of rabies in rare Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis). Archives of Virology 155: 1175–1177 Kingdon, J. 1990. Island Africa. Collins, London. Kruuk, H., and Macdonald, D.W. 1985. Group territories of carnivores: empires and enclaves. Pp. 521-536 In Behavioral Ecology: Ecological Consequences of Adaptive Behavior (R.M. Sibly and R.H. Smith, eds.). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK. Malcolm, J. 1997. The diet of the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis Rüeppell) from a grassland area of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology, 35: 162-164. Malcom, J.R. and Ashenafi, Z.T. 1997. Conservation of Afroalpine habitats. Pages 61-63 In The Ethiopian Wolf Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. (Sillero Zubiri, C. and & Macdonald, D.W. (Eds)). IUCN, Gland, Switzerland & Cambridge, UK. Marino, J. 2003a. Threatened Ethiopian wolves persist in small isolated Afroalpine enclaves. Oryx, 37:62-71. Marino, J. 2003b. Spatial ecology of Ethiopian wolf evolution, population dynamics and territoriality. D.Phil. dissertation. Oxford University, Oxford, UK. Marino, J., Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Macdonald, D.W. 2006 Trends, dynamics and resilience of an Ethiopian wolf population. Animal Conservation, 9: 49-58. Marino, J., R. Mitchell, and P.J. Johnson. 2010. Dietary specialization and climatic-linked variations in extant populations of Ethiopian wolves. Journal of African Ecology, 48: 517-525 <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 77
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34: of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36: Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60: populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 75 and 76: encounters between neighbouring wol
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118: Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
Page 119 and 120: A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124: elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126: Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128: and managing natural resources and
Page 129 and 130: The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131 and 132: The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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