Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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2.1 and 5.5 km² ± 1.3 in Web and Sanetti, respectively (n = 7 packs). In Helichrysum dwarf-scrub home ranges were twice as large, and explained by the different density of prey species (Table 1). On the other hand, the home ranges of three non-resident females in Web overlapped widely with other packs and ranged from 8.5 - 18.7 km², their mean range being significantly larger than those of resident dominant females. These floater females disperse and occupy narrow ranges between pack ranges, awaiting a breeding opportunity (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 1996a). A follow up study added a population recovery period after the 1992 rabies epizootic and showed similar home range sizes overall, but the packs that survived attained significantly larger territories than before at high density, or than any new packs during the recovery (Marino 2003b). Tallents (2007) recorded similar results to those of Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli (1995b) after a rabies outbreak in 2003, but with somewhat larger home ranges and greater variation. Small ranges, particularly those recorded in the grasslands and herbaceous communities of Web and Sanetti, are a reflection of the great density of the food resources available in some Afroalpine habitats. The ranges observed are among the smallest, and density among the highest, reported for all eight Canis species (Sillero-Zubiri 1994). Established relationships between metabolic rate, body weight and size of home range in mammals would predict home ranges of 42 km², (Carbone et al. 1999), nearly eight times the mean values observed in Web and Sanetti. Different factors drive the numbers of the different age-sex classes in a pack. Home range size is correlated with group size (Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1995b; Marino 2003b) and the number of adult males (Tallents 2007) and territories were enlarged whenever a reduction in group size in a neighbouring pack allowed it, which is indicative of an ‘expansionist strategy’ (sensu Kruuk and Macdonald 1985). A second adult female was more likely to be found in territories with a greater proportion of the best molerat habitat, and more subadults were found in higher quality territories (i.e. with a greater prey density). The advantage of the expansionist strategy is apparent in the greater areas of high-quality foraging habitat, and greater per capita prey density, in larger territories (Marino 2003b; Tallents 2007). Under intense competition for rodent-rich grasslands, pack group size may determine the outcome of territorial boundary clashes and the maintenance of a high quality range may be the greatest advantage of group-living (Sillero-Zubiri and Macdonald 1998). Marking and territoriality Studies of scent-marking behaviour and inter-pack aggression in Ethiopian wolf packs provided additional evidence of territoriality (Sillero-Zubiri and Macdonald 1998). Movements and activity at the periphery of ranges was characterised by ‘border patrols’ during which groups of pack members of both sexes trot and walk along the territory boundary. In 167 km of border patrols totalling 68 hours, 1,208 scent marks were deposited at an overall rate of 7.2/km. Raised-leg urinations were the most frequently deposited scent mark (4.7/km), followed by ground scratching (2.3/km). Defecations and squat urinations during border patrols were rare (0.23/km and 0.04/km respectively). Scent-marking rates were highest along or near territory boundaries (mean number of scent-marks deposited per kilometre significantly greater (F = 6.40, P = 0.012) during patrols (1,313) than at other times) where wolves vigorously over-marked neighbours’ scent-marks. Most direct <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 66
encounters between neighbouring wolves at territory borders were aggressive and involved repeated chases (102 out of 119 encounters) and the larger group was most likely to win (the larger group won in 77% of cases, whereas victorious and defeated groups were the same size in 15% of encounters). Ethiopian wolf packs in Bale occur at saturation density, in a system of highly stable tessellated territories (Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1995b). Frequent scent-marking, inter-pack encounters and aversion to strangers’ marks probably constrain each pack to its territory, while positive feedback keeps each territory boundary adequately marked. A further function of scentmarking may be to indicate sexual and social status. Wolves in Bale are seasonal breeders and in any given year mating was synchronised to a period of one to three weeks in the latter part of the rainy season (August-October), suggesting that a social mechanism triggered mating (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 1998). Scent-marking might allow females to monitor their reproductive condition reciprocally and synchronise their oestrus. On the other hand, neighbouring packs’ males may gather information on the receptivity of females. While border encounters occurred throughout the year, peak intrusion pressure coincided with the mating season. Fifty out of 169 observed encounters between wolves of neighbouring packs consisted of territorial intrusions by small groups of neighbouring males attracted by a receptive resident female. Highly seasonal mating may be connected to the occurrence of a philandering mating system in Ethiopian wolves (Sillero-Zubiri 1994; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 1996a). Philopatry and the Risk of Inbreeding Dispersal and philopatry Lack of suitable habitat places a tight constraint on dispersal in Ethiopian wolves. In Bale immigration was rare, births and deaths predominated over transfers between packs, and all pack members were close kin. Relatedness values from microsatellite data were similar for adults (females R = 0.39, males R = 0.33) and subadults (R = 0.30) (Fig. 1), and approximate relatedness values expected among half-siblings in this population (Randall et al. 2007). With kin of opposite sex residing in the same group, natal philopatry provided the potential for inbreeding, in a situation of severely limited dispersal opportunities (Sillero-Zubiri 1994). Although dispersal was rare, both behavioural observations and genetic evidence suggest that which occurs is sex biased (Sillero Zubiri et al. 1996a; Randall et al. 2007). In Web and Sanetti, behavioural observations between 1988 and 1992 suggested that 63% of females dispersed at, or shortly before, sexual maturity at two years, some becoming ‘floaters’ (Sillero-Zubiri et al. 1996a). Under stable demographic conditions Ethiopian wolf males are philopatric (Randall et al. 2007), however short and long distance male dispersal has been observed following demographic disturbance due to disease outbreak (Marino 2003b). Pack fission and males seeking extra-pack sexually receptive females during the breeding season can also act as male dispersal into neighbouring territories (see below). The population sex-ratio of adults was biased toward males at 1.9:1 ± 0.07 (SE), with the mean pack sex-ratio of adults at 2.6:1 ± 0.2 (Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1995b). <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 67
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
Page 23 and 24: Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
Page 25 and 26: interactions? 2) Would such classif
Page 27 and 28: feeding habit and the related bill
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Component loadings of fora
Page 31 and 32: Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
Page 33 and 34: of a community there must be a prem
Page 35 and 36: Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
Page 37 and 38: 1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
Page 39 and 40: Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
Page 43 and 44: long-term study areas. However, tot
Page 45 and 46: Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
Page 47 and 48: Observations on the Status of the M
Page 49 and 50: The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
Page 51 and 52: of the park’s interior, where hum
Page 53 and 54: The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
Page 55 and 56: Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
Page 57 and 58: Threats Predictably, the main threa
Page 59 and 60: populations within hunting blocks a
Page 61 and 62: Population Estimates and Diet of St
Page 63 and 64: To identify the types and proportio
Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Coverage of plant species
Page 67 and 68: for eating grass species. During th
Page 69 and 70: Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
Page 71 and 72: overall diet (36% of total prey occ
Page 73: Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
Page 77 and 78: No new packs were formed between 19
Page 79 and 80: Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
Page 81 and 82: Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
Page 83 and 84: successful dispersal are very low,
Page 85 and 86: References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
Page 87 and 88: Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
Page 91 and 92: Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
Page 93 and 94: Table 3. Estimates of population de
Page 95 and 96: Monitoring and management prioritie
Page 97 and 98: Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
Page 99 and 100: Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
Page 101 and 102: to just two montane sites in Harenn
Page 103 and 104: used for comparison. The study reve
Page 105 and 106: Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
Page 107 and 108: of the alpine vegetation have been
Page 109 and 110: Observers located each point by GPS
Page 111 and 112: Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
Page 113 and 114: other, and class N from O, because
Page 115 and 116: J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
Page 117 and 118: Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
Page 119 and 120: A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124: elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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