Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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intermediaries in Goba town who buy culms to sell in neighbouring towns (value = 1.1–1.3 ETB/ culm), producers in Goba who make crafts (value = 6.6 ETB/culm), house constructors (value = 1.66 ETB/culm) who use the raw bamboo for house walls, floors and fences and consumers in Goba and the surrounding towns. As the value added on the bamboo increases, its economic value also gets higher. The Government is only involved in tax collection and not much involvement is seen with other organisations except for the recently started BERSM Programme. Major problems identified in the value chain that need to be addressed are: (1) Lack of communication between chain actors - each work separately and try to maximise profit overlooking the quality which compromises future economic as well as environmental benefits, maximise profit and work in a coordinated manner; Farmers work as an individuals rather than organised groups, the latter of which could give them more bargaining power and would ensure a more equitable share of the benefits from bamboo resources among community members; (2) There is lack of skill both among harvesters and producers which contributes to improper harvesting methods, poor quality product and minimum value addition; and (3) Government is not fully involved which has created the view that Government is there only to collect money and not to support those involved in bamboo businesses. Conclusion and Recommendations There is great potential to strengthen bamboo value chains for sustainable utilisation in Shedem and its surrounding kebele as a result of the availability of bamboo resources and the presence of BERSMP, other NGOs working in natural resources management as well as the newly formed Bale Forest Enterprise that can support the necessary processes for doing so. An increase in bamboo investment by the private sector is also encouraging. Concerted actions need to be taken that fully involve all potential chain actors and the local government. A chain that is well developed with actors that communicate with each other for better products will result in a profitable and lasting business. And for this, the following recommendations are suggested: (1) It is essential to study the current exact size and condition of bamboo resources in Shedem to fully understand the potential of the resource and establish sustainable harvest levels; (2) Establishment of bamboo plantations will ensure reduction of pressure on the natural forest and increase availability of bamboo resources to support community livelihoods; (3) Appropriate training in, for example, bamboo propagation, cultivation, storage, crafts and furniture making will help ensure proper resource management and the sustainability of community livelihoods that depend on bamboo resources; (4) Organising farmers as a community group will enable them to be fully and equitably involved in the value chain, improve the quality of products and earn them more money; (5) Support needs to be provided to communities to establish working partnership with private investors; <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 222
(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholders (Government and non Government) need to be involved in studies to explore alternative bamboo products; (7) An information centre can provide the necessary information for chain actors in bamboo as well as other natural resource based products businesses; (8) Advocacy and marketing of bamboo products will help to improve consumer awareness of high quality bamboo products and increase demand; and (9) Lobbying for policy that supports the use of bamboo by community groups is required if communities are to take part in bamboo forest management as a part of livelihood improvement. Acknowledgements This study was carried out for the degree of Master of Business Administration, Addis Ababa University. The full document is available on the BERSMP website: http://www.pfmp-farmsos.org/ Publication.html. I would like to thank Dr. Krishna Murthy, my advisor, for his support. I am most grateful to the community members of the Shedem kebele and to all the chain actors who provided constructive information. I would also like to thank the Bale Eco-Region Sustainable Management Programme of FARM-Africa and SOS Sahel Ethiopia for sponsoring this study and its staff members for giving me their utmost cooperation; especially Ato Sahelemariam Mezmur who worked with me throughout the field research period and was a great translator. Last but not least I would like to thank Ato Hailu Arega, natural resource team leader for the Goba Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Office and Ato Jemal Kayo, development agent of Shedem kebele for their undivided attention and support during my field work in Shedem. References Ayre-Smith. 1963. The Use of Bamboo as a Cattle Feed; East Africa Agriculture and Forestry Journal 29: 50-51. Chaozong, H. 1995. The changes in nutrient composition of bamboo shoots at different ages. In Research on Bamboos, Proceedings of the International Bamboo Workshop. (Rao, A.N., Dhanarajan, G. and Santrym C.B. (eds)). The Chinese Academy of Forestry, China.Eastern Africa Bamboo Project. 2007. http://www.eabp.org.et EFAP. 1994. Ethiopian Forestry Action Program: Synopsis Report, Ministry of Natural Resources Conservation and Development, Addis Ababa. Embaye, K. 2003. Ecological Aspects and Resource Management of Bamboo Forests in Ethiopia, Doctoral thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala. Ensermu, K., Bekele, T., Gebrehiowt, A. and Handera, G. 2000. The Socio-Economic Case Study of the Bamboo Sector in Ethiopia: An Analysis of the Production-to-consumption system, Addis Ababa. Fanshawe, D. B. 1972. Bamboo Oxytenanthera abyssinica – Its Ecology, silviculture and utilization, Kirkia 8(2): 157 – 166. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR), Faida Market Link Company and Royal Tropical Institute (2006). Chain Empowerment: Supporting African Farmers to Develop Markets, Nairobi. Kalecha, W. M. 1980. The Bamboo Potential of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 223
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229: The above figure shows the various
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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