Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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implementing this approach suggest that ten year actions often become redundant as the ecological, political and socio-economic contexts change. Now GMP planning processes either opt for shorter (five year) planning horizons (Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife 2005, ZAWA 2004) or retain ten year strategic objectives but with shorter term (three year) rolling action plans (TANAPA 2005). The ten year-three year planning model was chosen for the BMNP planning process as it has been adopted successfully elsewhere in East Africa (TANAPA 2004, KWS 2006). In this model the objectives provide the long-term vision and strategy for management and development of the PA, tackling current and anticipated problems and threats. This framework determines what management activities and resource inputs are needed over a two to three year timeframe to achieve the objectives. Annual operations plans and budgets are then developed from these shorter term action plans for day-to-day management of the park. The GMP also functions as an umbrella for other more targeted plans (e.g. fire management plan, monitoring plan, tourism development plan), thereby ensuring that all park developments contribute to the park’s overall management vision. The BMNP Planning Process To maximize the BMNP GMP’s chances for successful implementation, two planning principles were agreed to a priori by involved stakeholders. These were: i) participative planning and ii) the logical framework approach. These were adopted to ensure that the GMP would obtain the necessary buy-in for implementation and contain clearly laid out actions to address the major threats to the park. Every effort was made to adhere to these principles, which are described in more detail below, throughout the planning process. i. Participative planning: the plan was designed by stakeholders spanning BMNP managers, implementation partners, local communities, local government, government ministries and departments, tourism operators, NGOs and civil society organisations with interests or local knowledge. Throughout the planning process, stakeholders were given the opportunity to discuss, debate, and ultimately agree on the issues and problems faced by the BMNP and the solutions to these issues. Consultations took place through key informant interviews in local communities (circa 500 individuals), stakeholder planning workshops (93 experts from circa 43 institutions) and direct discussions with interested individuals, such as private companies, NGOs, government at all levels, as well as researchers and tourists. ii. Logical framework approach (LFA): The LFA provides an efficient, accountable and logical rationale for planning. The main feature of the LFA is the explicit and logical linkages established between the plan’s ten year management objectives and the management actions and activities established in the three year action plan. The ten year strategy focuses at the impact level, describing management objectives and management prescriptions that together seek to improve the conservation status of the BMNP’s exceptional resource values and achieve the park purpose. The action plan focuses at the implementation level, describing the management actions, which are broken down into specific activities, to be delivered in the short-term to contribute to the management objectives that will ultimately achieve the park purpose. The LFA ensure that the GMP can be <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 246
effectively and efficiently implemented, as well as easily monitored and evaluated. The planning process, driven by the former Oromia Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau (OARDB) who at the time had management responsibility for the BMNP, in partnership with the Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) and the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants Project (CSMPP), commenced in December 2005 and was completed with the ratification of the GMP in March 2007. The process was facilitated by FZS together with a Core Planning Team (CPT) that directed the planning process, decided on the GMP structure and guided the participation of other stakeholders. The CPT appointed Technical Working Groups and a planning facilitator to develop each of the five management programmes (see below). The CPT also commissioned a review of national policies and legislation to understand the context and ensure that the proposed actions fit within the policy environment, and coordinated a separate task force on zoning and resettlement. Core Planning Team: • Oromia Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau (Chair) • Bale Mountains National Park • Wildlife Conservation Department (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) • Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants Project (Institute of Biodiversity Conservation) • Bale Mountains Conservation Project (Frankfurt Zoological Society) • Bale Eco-Region Sustainable Management Programme (Farm Africa/SOS Sahel). Exceptional Resource Values (ERVs), Park Purpose and Management Principles Planning began by identifying the Exceptional Resource Values (Table 1) that were then used to formulate the primary park purpose (and supplementary purposes, see below). The ERVs are the biophysical features that are vital for maintaining the area’s functions and unique ecological character such that it provides outstanding benefits (social, economic, aesthetic) to local, national and international stakeholders. Table 1. Exceptional Resource Values in the Bale Mountains National Park Category Exceptional Resource Value Rank Endemic, endangered and flagship species e.g. Mountain nyala, Ethiopian wolf, Giant lobelia, African wild dog 1 Afroalpine habitat 3 Hydrological system of wetlands and rivers 4 Natural Harenna Forest 5= Distinct altitudinal vegetational zones e.g. Afroalpine, bamboo, Erica 5= Rodent community 7 Migratory and endemic birds 10= Gaysay grasslands and antelope 10= Coffee and medicinal plants 15= <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 247
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
Page 223 and 224: data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275 and 276: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 277 and 278: Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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