Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Challenges for Protected Areas in the 21st Century. In: Partnership for Protection: new strategies for planning and management for protected areas. (Stolton, S. and Dudley, N. (eds.)). Earthscan Publications td, London. FARM-Africa and SOS Sahel Ethiopia. 2007. The Key Steps in Establishing Participatory Forest Management: A field manual to guide practioners in Ethiopia. Best Practices series No. 1 FARM-Africa. London. UK. Haydon, D.T., Randall, D.A., Matthews, L., Knobel, D.L., Tallents, L.A., Gravenor, M.B., Williams, S.D., Pollinger, J.P., Cleveland, S., Woodhouse, M.E.L., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Marino, J., Macdonald, D.W. and Laurenson, M.K. 2006. Low-coverage vaccination strategies for the conservation of endangered species. Nature, 443:692-695. IUCN. 1994. Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. CNPPA with the Assistance of WCMC. IUCN, Gland Switzerland. Nagendra, H., S. Pareeth, R. Ghate 2006. People within parks—forest villages, land-cover change and landscape fragmentation in the Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, India. Applied Geography 26: 96 – 112. OARDB. 2007. Bale Mountains National Park General Management Plan. Oromia Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Randall, D.A., Williams, S.D., Kuzmin, I.V., Rupprecht, C.E., Tallents, L.A., Tefera, Z., Argaw, K., Shiferaw, F., Knobel, D.L., Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Laurenson, M.K. 2004. Rabies in endangered Ethiopian wolves. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10 (12): 2214-2217. Schmidt-Soltau, K. and Bruckington, D. 2007. Protected areas and resettlement: What scope for voluntary relocation? World Development, 35 (12): 2182 – 2201. Schwartzman, S., Moreria, A. and Nepstad, D. 2002. Rethinking tropical forest conservation: Perils in parks. Conservation Biology, 14 (5): 1351 – 1357. Stephens, P.A., Candy, A., Sillero-Zubiri, C. and Leader-Williams, N. 2001. Impact of livestock and settlement on the large mammalian wildlife of Bale Mountains National Park, Southern Ethiopia. Biological Conservation, 100: 307 - 322. Tadesse, D. and Garedew, F. 2002. Bale Mountains National Park and Mena-Angetu National Forest Priority Areas Vegetation Zoning Study; Technical Report. DGIS-WWF Ethiopia Project. Bale, Ethiopia. (Unpublished). Tadesse, D. and Gezahgn, E. 2002. Participatory Rural Appraisal Study Report. Customary Resource Use in Mena-Angetu (Harenna) Forest and BMNP. DGIS-WWF Ethiopia Project. Bale, Ethiopia. (Unpublished) Terborgh, J. 2002a. Overcoming Impediments to Conservation. In: Making Parks Work: strategies for preserving tropical nature (Terbergh, J. van Schaik, C., Davenport, L. and Rao, M. (eds.)). Island Press: Washington, DC. Terborgh, J. and Peres, C. 2002b. The Problem of People in Park. In: Making Parks Work: strategies for preserving tropical nature. (Terbergh, J. van Schaik, C., Davenport, L. and Rao, M. (eds.))Island Press: Washington, DC. van Schaik, C., Terborgh, J., Davenport, L., and Rao, M. 2002. Making Parks Work: past, present and future. In Making Parks Work: strategies for preserving tropical nature (Terbergh, J. van Schaik, C., Davenport, L. and Rao, M. (eds.)). Island Press: Washington, DC. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 268
Risk of Disease Transmission Between Domestic Livestock and Wild Ungulates in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia Fekadu Shiferaw 1,2* and Karen Laurenson 3,4 1 Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority, PO Box Addis Ababa, Ethiopian 2 National Animal Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 15341, Addis Ababa, Ethiopian 3 Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK 4 Frankfurt Zoological Society, PO Box 14935, Arusha, Tanzania *Email: fdesta@yahoo.com Abstract Epidemiological and ecological studies were carried out in 1999-2000 to assess the potential for disease transmission between wild and domestic ungulates in the Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP), with a particular focus on the endangered mountain nyala. Serological analysis carried out of cattle, sheep and wildlife revealed that none had been clearly exposed to the major ungulate disease of rinderpeste, peste de petite ruminants and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and thus these diseases appeared to be well controlled in livestock. However helminth infection was common in both livestock and mountain nyala with nematode eggs found in 50% (n=300) of sheep and 39% (n=94) of mountain nyala faeces. Prevalence of nematode eggs was significantly lower (18%, n=313) in cattle faeces than either sheep or mountain nyala. Experimental transmission of infective larvae cultured from mountain nyala faeces to nematode-free sheep was successful and Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus columbriformes, and Oesophagostomum species were identified. There was considerable human-associated activity on the Gaysay grasslands of the BMNP from both grazing domestic livestock and traffic of livestock, people and vehicles. Overall, 5409 people, 5856 livestock and 475 vehicles were estimated to cross the area each week, with foot traffic highest on Tuesday market days. Eight percent of grazing ungulates in the area were observed to be mixed species groups, but wild species were found to avoid the road area are during daytime. At night time, the following wildlife densities were estimated from transects: mountain nyala (8.9 km-2 ), grey duiker (3.35 km-2 ), reedbuck (4.5 km-2 ) and warthogs (2.9 km-2 ). Overall, direct and indirect transmission of pathogens between domestic and wild ungulates is both possible and likely, but it is impossible to completely remove the risk of transmission given the co-existence of these groups inside and outside the BMNP. Thus focusing disease control efforts on domestic livestock is likely to be the most successful strategy overall to minimise this risk to endangered wild species such as mountain nyala, whilst law enforcement and land use planning will assist with minimizing contact and as well as human-wildlife conflict. <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 269
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
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A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
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elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
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Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
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and managing natural resources and
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The Bale Mountains National Park is
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The ground-truthing points made up
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Table 2. Table showing the area for
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Table 5. Description of patchiness
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Acknowledgments This study was fund
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Characteristics and Origins of Glad
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Figure 1. Map with the approximate
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Table 1. Main characteristics of th
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Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
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Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
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There might be some evidence for th
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Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
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Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
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the loss of natural forests due to
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Results Fire extent and frequency A
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Soil type Over 50% of the total num
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Distance to settlements The frequen
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than expected given there available
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MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
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among seasons are usually only a fe
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In contrast to the northern highlan
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Table 1. The distribution, species
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it was absent from the central subz
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Figure 2. Population structure of t
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Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
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Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
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occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
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Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
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total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
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Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
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Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
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As more literature seeks to explore
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Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
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Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
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2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
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3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
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accruing to households. Although no
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Acknowledgements This study was mad
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Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
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evidence that low levels of grazing
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wildlife, especially the mountain n
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and control sites (areas where live
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several of the Bale ecosystem compo
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Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
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their hives. Hive and tree types we
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HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
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Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
Page 225 and 226: Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
Page 227 and 228: Producers As reported previously, b
Page 229 and 230: The above figure shows the various
Page 231 and 232: (6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
Page 233 and 234: The Distribution, Properties and Us
Page 235 and 236: preliminary data. From the prelimin
Page 237 and 238: Figure 1. Map of the southern part
Page 239 and 240: Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
Page 241 and 242: Tabalas are used for healing purpos
Page 243 and 244: Cultural value and history The use
Page 245 and 246: (Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
Page 247 and 248: Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
Page 249 and 250: Villages using the hora Animals vis
Page 251 and 252: General Management Planning for the
Page 253 and 254: BMNP Management History Since its i
Page 255 and 256: effectively and efficiently impleme
Page 257 and 258: Problems and Issues A problems and
Page 259 and 260: understood threats were also identi
Page 261 and 262: Park Operations Programme This prog
Page 263 and 264: according to its core vision and pr
Page 265 and 266: People in National Parks - Joint Na
Page 267 and 268: pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
Page 269 and 270: of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
Page 271 and 272: have experience in the implementati
Page 273 and 274: 2004) or conservation and livelihoo
Page 275: • The redefinition of protected a
Page 279 and 280: aspects of these factors, including
Page 281 and 282: ecorded as “point vegetation” f
Page 283 and 284: Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
Page 285 and 286: Table 3. Distance from road at whic
Page 287 and 288: Transmission risk Clearly, disease
Page 289 and 290: Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
Page 291 and 292: however continues to rise and in 19
Page 293 and 294: Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
Page 295 and 296: the past 5 years tourism activities
Page 297 and 298: assist with implementation of the t
Page 299 and 300: An increase in tourism investment i
Page 301 and 302: at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
Page 303 and 304: Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
Page 305 and 306: emains. The more recently coined RE
Page 307 and 308: Benefits The implementation of such
Page 309 and 310: or meet the minimum costs necessary
Page 311 and 312: Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
Page 313 and 314: across Africa. Biological Conservat
Page 315 and 316: sets, extract relevant bits of info
Page 317 and 318: What to Monitor? The question of wh
Page 319 and 320: scale as a balance where one side r
Page 321 and 322: through existing databases not only
Page 323 and 324: The moral of these stories are that
Page 325 and 326: anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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