Walia Special Edition on the Bale Mountains (2011) - Zoologische ...

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Successional trends Changes in the stand structure of the vegetation caused by frequent fires are more apparent along the northwestern slopes of the Bale Mountains due to their proximity to towns (Masresha Fetene et al. 2005), but there are also clear trends on the southern slopes. Frequent fires and heavy grazing pressure have apparently induced transitions in the plant community composition: the usual sequence is from the Erica trimera-Helichrysum citrispinum community to the Euphorbia dumalis-Kniphofia foliosa community (Masresha Fetene et al. 2005) This successional series may be unique to the Bale Mountains because comparably intense land use is not known for other Afroalpine regions of East Africa. Abundance of Ericaceous species In terms of frequency, seven (out of eight) tree/shrub species showed a clear variation in abundance with altitude (see Table 2). The eighth species, Pittosporum viridiflorum, was recorded in one plot only. Trends for Erica trimera and Hypericum revolutum resembled each other, except that H. revolutum was absent in the upper part of the Ericaceous belt. 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% DP EA ET HA HR RM SV Upper part of Ericaceous vegetation Central part of Ericaceous vegetation Lower part of Ericaceous vegetation Figure 1. Frequency of the seven treeline species D. penninervium (DP), Erica arborea (EA), E. trimera (ET), H. abyssinica (HA), H. revolutum (HR) S. volkensii and R. melanophloes (RM) at upper, central, and lower part of the Ericaceous vegetation. At the lower Ericaceous subzone the frequency of E. trimera was lower than the other upper montane species because of the competitive strength of the other montane woodland species (Miehe and Miehe 1994). However, the heather is an important component of all three subzones of the Ericaceous belt and no other species including E. arborea showed such a wide altitudinal distribution. Erica arborea occurred in all three subzones, but was not found lower than 3200 m, while M. melanophloeos. Hypericum revolutum and D. penninervium were constituents of both the lower and central subzone but not of the upper subzone. Schefflera volkensii is restricted to the lower part of the Ericaceous belt. The average percent cover of E. trimera at the upper, lower and central subzones of the Ericaceous belt was 50, 55, and 45%, respectively. Hagenia abyssinica shows a bimodal distribution with an average cover-abundance of 30 and 20% in the lower and upper subzones, respectively; but <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 164
it was absent from the central subzone. Hypericum revolutum and Myrsine melanophloeos showed a similar distribution. General density of tree species showed a similar trend as the frequency and cover. Hagenia abyssinica attained its highest density (i.e. no. of stems / ha) in the lower subzone, while M. melanophloeos had its peak in the central subzone. Table 2. Height, DBH , and total number of stems for five treeline species at the lower (1), central (2), and upper (3) subzones of the Ericaceous belt in the Harenna escarpment, Bale Mountains (for DBH and height mean ± 1 standard deviation). Species Subzones DBH Height n (no. of stems) D. penninervum 1 2.23 ±1.90 119 2 1.75 ±1.28 3 -- -- - E. arborea 1 - 1.62 ±1.20 106 2 4.04 1.12 ±0.80 3 -- 0.95 - E. trimera 1 23.34 ± 7.44 10.19 ±2.20 255 2 12.32 ±12.38 5.30 ±4.53 3 10.00 ±8.20 2.08 ±1.98 H. revolutum 1 26.75 ±8.83 13.60 ±3.37 96 2 16.74 ±10.11 7.37 ±5.86 3 -- -- M. melanophloeos 1 25.02 ±9.49 16.50 ± 6.87 91 2 14.34 ±7.81 8.96 ±6.60 3 -- -- Population structure of trees/shrubs The height of treeline species decreased with increasing altitude (Table 2). The most notable change was observed for E. trimera. The regression analysis showed a strong inverse relation between altitude and plant height (R2 = 0.60). This could be attributed to increase in the environmental struss such as decrease in temperature (8. Height=54.81-1.42E-0.2altitude). Although E. trimera is found in all three subzones, it shows variation along the altitudinal gradient. In the lower (Fig. 1a) and central (Fig. 1b) subzones the size class 7 and 8 are not represented, while classes 4, 7, 8, 9 are absent in the upper subzones. There might be various reasons for their absence. A socio-economic study in the area (IBC pers. comm.) has revealed that fuel wood is the main source of energy for the local communities. Erica trimera and E. arborea are the third most preferred species only surpassed by M. melanophloeos and Schefflera volkensii. The small twigs of Erica are the most preferred species for cooking staple foods that require a medium but steady heat source. Logs are used for constructing huts and fences around farm yards. In addition, Erica spp. are also highly preferred species for cattle fodder, and construction of bee hives. Hagenia abyssinica has a more or less ‘J’ shaped-distribution in the lower subzone. However, it was totally absent in the first, second, fifth, seventh, eighth, and ninth diameter class (Fig. 1d). Those diameter classes are economically needed both for logging and timber production. The species is known to be the preferred species for timber production due to its durability and resistance to <strong>Walia</strong>-<strong>Special</strong> <strong>Edition</strong> on the Bale Mountains 165
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Walia Spec
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This Special <stro
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Foreword The Bale Mountains are uni
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FACTORS AFFECTING FIRE ExTENT AND F
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Introduction This Special</
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Mammals of the Bale Mountains Natio
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History and Physical Features of th
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Name of Order Name of Family No of
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wolf is a rare canid endemic to the
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Hillman. J. C. 1993. Ethiopia: Comp
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Scientific name Common name Sources
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Structuring of the Birds of the Bal
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interactions? 2) Would such classif
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feeding habit and the related bill
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Table 1. Component loadings of fora
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Assemblage 1 Assemblage 2 Assemblag
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of a community there must be a prem
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Hillman, J.C. 1986. The Bale Mounta
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1995a; Sillero-Zubiri et al. 2004,
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Monitoring Activities the Bale Moun
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Table 1. Packs monitored in the Bal
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long-term study areas. However, tot
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Creel, S., Spong, G., Sands, J.L.,
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Observations on the Status of the M
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The Bale Mountains Figure 1. The kn
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of the park’s interior, where hum
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The Ahmar (Chercher) Mountains The
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Casuarina equisetiflium lia, Hageni
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Threats Predictably, the main threa
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populations within hunting blocks a
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Population Estimates and Diet of St
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To identify the types and proportio
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Table 3. Coverage of plant species
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for eating grass species. During th
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Ecology and Reproductive Strategy o
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overall diet (36% of total prey occ
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Table 1. Ethiopian wolf density (in
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encounters between neighbouring wol
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No new packs were formed between 19
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Cooperative Breeding Role of helper
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Mean feeding rate (contributions/ho
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successful dispersal are very low,
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References Ashenafi, Z.T. 2001. Com
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Solomon, N. G., and French, J.A. Ed
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Figure 1. The Bale monkey (Cercopit
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Survey method - Dec 06-Jan 07 Line
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Table 3. Estimates of population de
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Monitoring and management prioritie
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Amphibians and Reptiles Recorded fr
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Lizards Agamidae Acanthocercus atri
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to just two montane sites in Harenn
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used for comparison. The study reve
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Mapping High-Altitude Vegetation in
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of the alpine vegetation have been
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Observers located each point by GPS
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Figure 1. Afroalpine vegetation in
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other, and class N from O, because
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J. mima mounds and grazed mineral s
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Node Clusters Species in 1st cluste
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A. Arboreal heather/lake -E 64.6 +W
Page 121 and 122: A. Arboreal heather/lake 82 ± 176
Page 123 and 124: elevations of 4100-4200 m a.s.l. in
Page 125 and 126: Miehe, G. and Miehe, S. 1994. Erica
Page 127 and 128: and managing natural resources and
Page 129 and 130: The Bale Mountains National Park is
Page 131 and 132: The ground-truthing points made up
Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Table showing the area for
Page 135 and 136: Table 5. Description of patchiness
Page 137 and 138: Acknowledgments This study was fund
Page 139 and 140: Characteristics and Origins of Glad
Page 141 and 142: Figure 1. Map with the approximate
Page 143 and 144: Table 1. Main characteristics of th
Page 145 and 146: Table 2. Soil Properties at two dep
Page 147 and 148: Total aboveground biomass ranged fr
Page 149 and 150: There might be some evidence for th
Page 151 and 152: Appendix 1. Attributes for soil pro
Page 153 and 154: Ogate (altitude 1753 m) Water Site
Page 155 and 156: the loss of natural forests due to
Page 157 and 158: Results Fire extent and frequency A
Page 159 and 160: Soil type Over 50% of the total num
Page 161 and 162: Distance to settlements The frequen
Page 163 and 164: than expected given there available
Page 165 and 166: MOA 2000. Ethiopian Forest Status R
Page 167 and 168: among seasons are usually only a fe
Page 169 and 170: In contrast to the northern highlan
Page 171: Table 1. The distribution, species
Page 175 and 176: Figure 2. Population structure of t
Page 177 and 178: Fetene, M., Gashaw, M., Nauke, P. a
Page 179 and 180: Bale Mountain Lakes: Ecosystems Und
Page 181 and 182: occurrence above 4000 m. Rainfall i
Page 183 and 184: Table 1. List of the sampled waterb
Page 185 and 186: total nitrogen, chlorophyll a, cond
Page 187 and 188: Eggermont H., Russell, J.M.. Schett
Page 189 and 190: Direct Consumptive Use Value of Eco
Page 191 and 192: As more literature seeks to explore
Page 193 and 194: Table 1. Ecosystem goods and servic
Page 195 and 196: Figure 1. Map of the Bale Mountains
Page 197 and 198: 2(a) Crop Production HH Crop Value
Page 199 and 200: 3(a) Mean Household Annual Direct C
Page 201 and 202: accruing to households. Although no
Page 203 and 204: Acknowledgements This study was mad
Page 205 and 206: Livestock Grazing in Bale Mountains
Page 207 and 208: evidence that low levels of grazing
Page 209 and 210: wildlife, especially the mountain n
Page 211 and 212: and control sites (areas where live
Page 213 and 214: several of the Bale ecosystem compo
Page 215 and 216: Paine, R. T. and Vadas, R. L. 1969.
Page 217 and 218: their hives. Hive and tree types we
Page 219 and 220: HOROqqA (Bersama abyssinica, Melian
Page 221 and 222: Value Chain Analysis for Bamboo Ori
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data recorded by the Development Ag
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Amongst the interviewees, 80% of pe
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Producers As reported previously, b
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The above figure shows the various
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(6) BERSMP and all other stakeholde
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The Distribution, Properties and Us
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preliminary data. From the prelimin
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Figure 1. Map of the southern part
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Addeye All the 11 horas in Addeye a
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Tabalas are used for healing purpos
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Cultural value and history The use
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(Barrett-Lennard 2003). Finally, pr
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Appendix ph Colour Salinity (mS) Ta
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Villages using the hora Animals vis
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General Management Planning for the
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BMNP Management History Since its i
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effectively and efficiently impleme
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Problems and Issues A problems and
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understood threats were also identi
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Park Operations Programme This prog
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according to its core vision and pr
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People in National Parks - Joint Na
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pastoralists, as part of pastoral s
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of wild animals (Stephens et al. 20
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have experience in the implementati
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2004) or conservation and livelihoo
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• The redefinition of protected a
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Risk of Disease Transmission Betwee
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aspects of these factors, including
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ecorded as “point vegetation” f
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Table 1: Composition of 326 ungulat
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Table 3. Distance from road at whic
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Transmission risk Clearly, disease
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Dunn, A.M. 1968. The wild ruminant
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however continues to rise and in 19
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Tourism in the Bale Mountains Natio
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the past 5 years tourism activities
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assist with implementation of the t
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An increase in tourism investment i
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at a loss of approximately ETB 10,0
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Can Carbon Contribute to Conservati
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emains. The more recently coined RE
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Benefits The implementation of such
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or meet the minimum costs necessary
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Table 1. Financial forecast for 20
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across Africa. Biological Conservat
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sets, extract relevant bits of info
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What to Monitor? The question of wh
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scale as a balance where one side r
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through existing databases not only
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The moral of these stories are that
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anger based monitoring system is a
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spatial and temporal extent of the
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IUCN Red Listed Species Description
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Appendix 2: Metadata form A digital
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and climate data, AVHRR NDVI data,
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http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com Me
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Individual Arrest Form Index No. Lo
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If for Commercial Market: □ in yo
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• Improve research work on wildli
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• Development Partners (donors) a
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Sustainable Development of the Prot
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I. Personal details Ethiopian Wildl
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Publication Financially Supported b
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