The phonology and morphology of Filomeno Mata Totonac

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ongoing ‘right now’. Progressive –maa is one of several suffixes that have a suppletive form, - paa, when the subject is second person; in addition, it has another suppletive form for third person plural subject: -maana. In some Totonac varieties –na is a separate plural number affix (Beck 2003:48), but in FM Totonac it is a frozen particle found only as part of the progressive suffix, and I analyze –maana as a single suppletive form. When the –maa and –maana allomorphs are word final, they impose penultimate stress. The –paa allomorph is always followed by a second person subject suffix, which are associated with different stress patterns: 2SUB.sg –ti" requires stress two syllables preceding itself, and 2SUB.pl –titi" one syllable preceding itself. 44) kmaqalóonqma /k-maqa-loonq-maa 1SUB-HAND-cold-PROG ‘my hands are cold’ 45) liilamaapá /lii-la-maa-para/ INST-live-PROG-ITER ‘he’s at it again’ (‘he is living for it again’) 46) s%taki"wamáana /s"-ta-ki#-wan-maana/ PAST-3SUB.pl-mouth-say-PROG3 ‘they were saying’ 47) s%waayampaaqóotits’ /s"-waa-nan-paa-qoo-titi&-ts'a&/ PAST-eat-HAB-PROG2-TOT-2SUB.pl-YA ‘you pl. were already finishing eating’ 4.7.2.5 Secondary aspect markers. In addition to the set of four primary aspect markers just described, many derivational affixes have aspectual significance. These include negative polarity a*= (NOT) YET; ‘ak- ‘at the point of’; associated motion kii- ROUND-TRIP and tii- PASS-BY; ambulative –tii"a; iterative –para; totalitive/terminative –qo’o; MEANWHILE –qe’e; deictic/momentary –ci"; and enclitic adverbials JUST –ku’u" and YA –ts*!. These affixes will be covered in Chapter 5 on derivation. ! "##!
4.7.3 Tense. “Tense markers situate an event or state in time with respect to some point of reference, usually the moment of speech.” (Mithun 1994:152). FM Totonac has two such tense markers, future na- and past #-; verbs without either tense marker are understood by speakers to be in the present tense. 4.7.3.1 Future tense. As depicted in Table 4.5, the future tense marker na- is found only on verbs in realis mood and imperfective aspect. In main clauses and most subordinate clauses, its presence indicates that the action of the verb occurs after the utterance time as in example 48, or after the time of the action of another verb in the sentence, as in example 49. 48) naktlawayáa /na-k-tlawa-yaa/ FUT-1SUB-make-IMPF ‘we’re going to make it’ 49) kiwáni na’án /kin-wan-nii-li& na-‘an/ 1OBJ-tell-DAT FUT-go ‘he told me he will/would go’ Note that in example 49, the action of going must take place after the time of the telling event, but the time of utterance is irrelevant. This example is equally felicitous whether followed by ‘ . . and he has gone.’ or ‘ . . . and he still plans to’. As noted in §4.7.1.1.1, the negative and future na- may not be combined to form a negative future proposition in main clauses, but in subordinate clauses they may be: 50) máski "aanapína ksikúlan /maski #aa=na-pin-aa-[cg] k-sikulan/ although-NEG-FUT-go2-IMPF-2SUB.sg LOC-church ‘although you won’t go to church’ The future tense is also often required in the complement to certain verbs where most Indo- European languages would use an infinitive. This infinitival usage is found following verbs and invariant particles such as kwesa ‘have to’, lakaskin ‘need’, #lakaskinka ‘it is necessary’, lak$a’an ‘it is one’s turn to’, and maaqa#mat ‘convince’. (As described in §4.7.1.1.4, verbs in irrealis mood can sometimes substitute for future tense forms in these contexts.) ! "#'!
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The phonology and morphology of Fil
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Abstract The phonology and morpholo
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments..
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2.6.4.2 Vowel harmony .............
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3.3.11.2 Locative nominalizations .
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5.3.2.9 Enclitic adverbials YA -ts%
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References ........................
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List of Maps and Tables Map 1.1 Fil
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List of Abbreviations 1exc First pe
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduc
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soon, and this language could near
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1.5.1 Glottalization/laryngealizati
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Chapter 2 The phonology of Filomeno
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Table 2.3 Consonant features Root p
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seem to be mutually necessary for p
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2.3.1.5 /#/. The glottal stop is a
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13) Examples of /c"/ [c"an] ‘s/he
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17) Examples of /#/ [#áq%aat h i&]
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21) Examples of /l/ [laaqtsín] ‘
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Vowels never occur word-initially;
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2.4.5 /o/. /o/ is a mid-back vowel
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"panóq h o& ‘loose-fitting’ "t
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’aqoNqs" ‘he braids it’ "qooN
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2.6.1.1 Nasal deletion and assimila
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2.6.1.2 Lateral spirantization. Syl
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There are a number of roots with un
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2.6.2.2.2.3 Degemination through di
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(including -qe’e and -qo’o). In
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96) /maa-c"uku-ii/ 97) /maa-#tata-i
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For other speakers, vowel harmony c
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122)/waa-nan-niita&-[cg] 2 / 123) /
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2.6.4.4.3.3 -ni! suffixes. Two nomi
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consonant, and don’t protect fina
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165) /ta-akta-aa-c"a’a&/ MV-desce
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fully deleted phonologically (see
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of words I have included as followi
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e followed only by a deictic (these
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196)/laa-laaqtsin-paa-titi&/ 197) /
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likely to show stress shift are the
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Declarative: [tá’ii s"ánati gab
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Table 2.12 Major and derived color
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Table 2.14 Sound and manner of moti
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colonialization. This would be afte
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212) Examples of loan words with li
Page 89 and 90: piritóra veladora candle pulátu p
Page 91 and 92: penultimate stress patterns, derive
Page 93 and 94: 3.3.1.1 Plural affixes. Two general
Page 95 and 96: 3.3.1.3 Agentive plural nouns. Besi
Page 97 and 98: 4) lak-sáasti n tamáqn&u& PL-new
Page 99 and 100: 11) Possessed-Possessor examples s%
Page 101 and 102: Table 3.7 Body part prefixes laqa-
Page 103: 3.3.5.1 Locative ‘case’. While
Page 106 and 107: 3.3.8 Derogatory derivation. A dero
Page 108 and 109: 34) maya=séqeti& ‘nothing but gr
Page 110 and 111: The verbal derivational affixes inv
Page 112 and 113: Table 3.14 Locative nominalizations
Page 114 and 115: When possessed, this class of deriv
Page 116 and 117: 3.3.11.6. ‘Ought to’ constructi
Page 118 and 119: 49) s%-lii-ta-wilí-nii-ti& 3POSS-P
Page 120 and 121: 3.4.1.2 Adjectives with optional =w
Page 122 and 123: Table 3.25 Reduplication in adjecti
Page 124 and 125: Of note is the fact that the number
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 4 Verbal Inflection 4.1 Int
Page 128 and 129: 5) /k-maa-aa/ kmaa ‘I am lying do
Page 130 and 131: 4.4 Inflectional categories. As sho
Page 132 and 133: Table 4.4 Overview of inflectional
Page 134 and 135: 4.7.1.1.1 ka- & negative future. To
Page 136 and 137: 4.7.1.2 Counterexpectational. The c
Page 138 and 139: 4.7.2.2 Perfective aspect. The perf
Page 142 and 143: 51) kwésa naktaayáa /kwesa na-k-
Page 144 and 145: 4.8.1 Subject inflection. The subje
Page 146 and 147: 4.8.1.2 Second person subject. Seco
Page 148 and 149: Besides glottalization and the 2SUB
Page 150 and 151: 85) taqamaanamáana /ta-qamaa-nan-m
Page 152 and 153: semantically required, in the case
Page 154 and 155: Table 4.9 Subject and object inflec
Page 156 and 157: complete linear structure of the FM
Page 158 and 159: 5.2.4 Negative intensifiers. The th
Page 160 and 161: 5.3.1.2 Desiderative mood. The suff
Page 162 and 163: 5.3.2.3 Inceptive/Middle voice ta-.
Page 164 and 165: 34) s%waayampaaqóotits’ /s"-waa-
Page 166 and 167: 44) lamahkú*u& /la-maa-kú'u&/ liv
Page 168 and 169: eplaced by an idiosyncratic constru
Page 170 and 171: 59) kaamaaqamáani /kaa-maa-qamaana
Page 172 and 173: As example 67 shows, ditransitives
Page 174 and 175: 78) kintiimaamaatsamaníini s%maa
Page 176 and 177: 81) ktaamináa /k-taa-min-aa/ 1SUB-
Page 178 and 179: Table 5.1 Comitative Paradigm with
Page 180 and 181: 92) "aakatsiiní /#aa=katsii-nii-aa
Page 182 and 183: However, in the case of a causative
Page 184 and 185: 113) liitayáa /lii-ta=yaa-aa/ INST
Page 186 and 187: 124) liitas%tú s%tíilan /lii-ta=s
Page 188 and 189: 134) kaawakayáa /kaa-waka-aa/ LOC-
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146) kaac%eeqée /kaa-c"eeqee-aa/ L
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’aq#c"aa- ’aq#c"áan upper shou
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The BPPs comprise one of the very f
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167) kinc%aas%aamá /kin-c"aa-s"ama
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5.4.4 Valence-decreasing constructi
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A few verbs change meaning in a non
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Table 5.3 Transitive verbs taking m
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ta-qolu it rolls maa-qolu s/he roll
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eflexive verbs (see §4.8.2.1), the
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207) kkiitamaqskux"i& /k-kii-ta-maq
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THERE.2SUB is identical to the 2 nd
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224) "aaliwána k"tatá ’ás%ni n
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verbs are possible without any infl
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There are also several verb compoun
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5.6.2 Verb sequencing constructions
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254) kkatsiiníimaa qa"tawaqá /k-k
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268) tsúku s%tastiwí /tsuku-li& s
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Table 6.1 Verbal zones based on aff
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I categorized the responses of each
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2) kkaakiilaknikwilíiw /k-kaa-kii-
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8) talaaliis%kilí n kiw’i& /ta-l
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6.2.3.5 Position 8 instrumentals. A
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able to appear to the right of the
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One of my consultants perceived a s
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s%aktsaqsakutunpará /s"a-k-tsaqsa-
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Table 6.4 2 nd subject morphology s
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34) ktalakás%tu /k-ta-laka-s"tu-li
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harmony with the root (Table 2.9 co
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Table 6.9 Valence-changing subzone
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stress may fall include the encliti
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42) "aalantuunú n k"tatá /#aa=la-
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questions about the usefulness of c
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Caballero, Gabriela. 2008. Choguita
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Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languag
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Appendix A. Filomeno Mata Totonac a
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-maana PROG3 Progressive aspect, 3r
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tan- NC Numeral classifier §3.6.2
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The phonology and morphology of Filomeno Mata Totonac

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