The phonology and morphology of Filomeno Mata Totonac

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268) tsúku s%tastiwí /tsuku-li& s"-ta-stiwi-aa/ begin-PFTV PAST-3SUB.pl-rock-IMPF ‘they began to rock him’ 269) s%tatsukú n tastiwí /s"-ta-tsuku-aa ta-stiwi-aa/ PAST-3SUB.pl-begin-IMPF 3SUB.pl-rock-IMPF ‘they began to rock him’ 270) tsukuniitatiti stiwiyáa /tsuku-niitá-titi& stiwi-áa/ begin-PFT-2SUB.pl rock-IMPF ‘you pl. have begun to rock him’ 271) natatsukú takus%tú /na-ta-tsuku-aa ta-kus"tu-aa/ FUT-3SUB.pl-begin-IMPF 3SUB.pl weed-IMPF ‘they will begin to weed’ 272) s%tsukúpaati tasáy’a& /s"-tsuku-paa-ti& tasa-aa-[cg]/ PAST-begin-PROG2-2SUB.sg cry-IMPF-2SUB.sg ‘you were beginning to cry’ This section only scratches the surface of the morphology of complement-taking verbs. A thorough study of the syntax of Filomeno Mata Totonac remains to be done. ! #.(!
Chapter 6 The structure of the FM Totonac verb 6.1 Introduction. Chapters 4 and 5 describe each of the approximately 100 verbal morphemes of Filomeno Mata Totonac, their functions and semantics. This chapter will analyze the structure of the complex verb, which can be simultaneously affixed with many of these morphemes. While the FM Totonac verb clearly has characteristics of a position-class morphology, such as fixed affix ordering and non-semantically motivated blocking, some evidence also exists for an (apparently nascent) hierarchical structure 6 . This evidence, much of it theoretically and typologically significant, includes morphophonological and morphological processes that divide the verb into zones. The basis for the major division of the verb into three zones of each side of the root is typologically unusual: the permissible ordering of the affixes, which may be fixed, variable or scopal. Other processes, such as blocking and nasal epenthesis, give evidence for subzones, many of whose boundaries do not coincide exactly with those of the major zones. Thus the various types of evidence do not converge to mark out well-defined subconstituents or stems, and the zones often interpenetrate one another. (This may be typical of a language in a particular stage of diachronic development, one in which the relationships among morphemes are moving from being syntactic to being morphological.) In any case, the layering undeniably shows signs of a hierarchical structure unexpected in a pure position class or templatic morphology. This chapter will continue with an overview of some of the more interesting phenomena related to verbal structure: variable affix ordering, blocking and the interpenetration of zones. The following sections will then motivate the structure of the verb from the inside out, working through each of the three major zones on each side of the root. 6.2 Overview of variable affix ordering. As in many languages with multiple affixation, some affixes must occur in a fixed order, while the order of affixation of others depends on semantic scope (affix order based on scope will be discussed in §6.5.1.1). This is true of FM Totonac, but the language also allows the variable ordering of certain affixes that is unrelated to scopal issues. The possibility of affix permutations occurs in a zone on either side of the verb root, as shown in Table 6.1. 6 Other languages with combined templatic/hierarchical structure are described in Caballero 2008; Melnar 2004; Inkelas 1993; Muysken 1986 and Muysken 1981. ! #.)!
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The phonology and morphology of Fil
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Abstract The phonology and morpholo
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments..
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2.6.4.2 Vowel harmony .............
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3.3.11.2 Locative nominalizations .
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5.3.2.9 Enclitic adverbials YA -ts%
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References ........................
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List of Maps and Tables Map 1.1 Fil
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List of Abbreviations 1exc First pe
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduc
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soon, and this language could near
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1.5.1 Glottalization/laryngealizati
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Chapter 2 The phonology of Filomeno
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Table 2.3 Consonant features Root p
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seem to be mutually necessary for p
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2.3.1.5 /#/. The glottal stop is a
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13) Examples of /c"/ [c"an] ‘s/he
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17) Examples of /#/ [#áq%aat h i&]
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21) Examples of /l/ [laaqtsín] ‘
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Vowels never occur word-initially;
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2.4.5 /o/. /o/ is a mid-back vowel
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"panóq h o& ‘loose-fitting’ "t
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’aqoNqs" ‘he braids it’ "qooN
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2.6.1.1 Nasal deletion and assimila
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2.6.1.2 Lateral spirantization. Syl
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There are a number of roots with un
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2.6.2.2.2.3 Degemination through di
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(including -qe’e and -qo’o). In
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96) /maa-c"uku-ii/ 97) /maa-#tata-i
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For other speakers, vowel harmony c
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122)/waa-nan-niita&-[cg] 2 / 123) /
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2.6.4.4.3.3 -ni! suffixes. Two nomi
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consonant, and don’t protect fina
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165) /ta-akta-aa-c"a’a&/ MV-desce
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fully deleted phonologically (see
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of words I have included as followi
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e followed only by a deictic (these
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196)/laa-laaqtsin-paa-titi&/ 197) /
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likely to show stress shift are the
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Declarative: [tá’ii s"ánati gab
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Table 2.12 Major and derived color
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Table 2.14 Sound and manner of moti
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colonialization. This would be afte
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212) Examples of loan words with li
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piritóra veladora candle pulátu p
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penultimate stress patterns, derive
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3.3.1.1 Plural affixes. Two general
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3.3.1.3 Agentive plural nouns. Besi
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4) lak-sáasti n tamáqn&u& PL-new
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11) Possessed-Possessor examples s%
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Table 3.7 Body part prefixes laqa-
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3.3.5.1 Locative ‘case’. While
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3.3.8 Derogatory derivation. A dero
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34) maya=séqeti& ‘nothing but gr
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The verbal derivational affixes inv
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Table 3.14 Locative nominalizations
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When possessed, this class of deriv
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3.3.11.6. ‘Ought to’ constructi
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49) s%-lii-ta-wilí-nii-ti& 3POSS-P
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3.4.1.2 Adjectives with optional =w
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Table 3.25 Reduplication in adjecti
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Of note is the fact that the number
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Chapter 4 Verbal Inflection 4.1 Int
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5) /k-maa-aa/ kmaa ‘I am lying do
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4.4 Inflectional categories. As sho
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Table 4.4 Overview of inflectional
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4.7.1.1.1 ka- & negative future. To
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4.7.1.2 Counterexpectational. The c
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4.7.2.2 Perfective aspect. The perf
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ongoing ‘right now’. Progressiv
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51) kwésa naktaayáa /kwesa na-k-
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4.8.1 Subject inflection. The subje
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4.8.1.2 Second person subject. Seco
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Besides glottalization and the 2SUB
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85) taqamaanamáana /ta-qamaa-nan-m
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semantically required, in the case
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Table 4.9 Subject and object inflec
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complete linear structure of the FM
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5.2.4 Negative intensifiers. The th
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5.3.1.2 Desiderative mood. The suff
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5.3.2.3 Inceptive/Middle voice ta-.
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34) s%waayampaaqóotits’ /s"-waa-
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44) lamahkú*u& /la-maa-kú'u&/ liv
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eplaced by an idiosyncratic constru
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59) kaamaaqamáani /kaa-maa-qamaana
Page 172 and 173: As example 67 shows, ditransitives
Page 174 and 175: 78) kintiimaamaatsamaníini s%maa
Page 176 and 177: 81) ktaamináa /k-taa-min-aa/ 1SUB-
Page 178 and 179: Table 5.1 Comitative Paradigm with
Page 180 and 181: 92) "aakatsiiní /#aa=katsii-nii-aa
Page 182 and 183: However, in the case of a causative
Page 184 and 185: 113) liitayáa /lii-ta=yaa-aa/ INST
Page 186 and 187: 124) liitas%tú s%tíilan /lii-ta=s
Page 188 and 189: 134) kaawakayáa /kaa-waka-aa/ LOC-
Page 190 and 191: 146) kaac%eeqée /kaa-c"eeqee-aa/ L
Page 192 and 193: ’aq#c"aa- ’aq#c"áan upper shou
Page 194 and 195: The BPPs comprise one of the very f
Page 196 and 197: 167) kinc%aas%aamá /kin-c"aa-s"ama
Page 198 and 199: 5.4.4 Valence-decreasing constructi
Page 200 and 201: A few verbs change meaning in a non
Page 202 and 203: Table 5.3 Transitive verbs taking m
Page 204 and 205: ta-qolu it rolls maa-qolu s/he roll
Page 206 and 207: eflexive verbs (see §4.8.2.1), the
Page 208 and 209: 207) kkiitamaqskux"i& /k-kii-ta-maq
Page 210 and 211: THERE.2SUB is identical to the 2 nd
Page 212 and 213: 224) "aaliwána k"tatá ’ás%ni n
Page 214 and 215: verbs are possible without any infl
Page 216 and 217: There are also several verb compoun
Page 218 and 219: 5.6.2 Verb sequencing constructions
Page 220 and 221: 254) kkatsiiníimaa qa"tawaqá /k-k
Page 224 and 225: Table 6.1 Verbal zones based on aff
Page 226 and 227: I categorized the responses of each
Page 228 and 229: 2) kkaakiilaknikwilíiw /k-kaa-kii-
Page 230 and 231: 8) talaaliis%kilí n kiw’i& /ta-l
Page 232 and 233: 6.2.3.5 Position 8 instrumentals. A
Page 234 and 235: able to appear to the right of the
Page 236 and 237: One of my consultants perceived a s
Page 238 and 239: s%aktsaqsakutunpará /s"a-k-tsaqsa-
Page 240 and 241: Table 6.4 2 nd subject morphology s
Page 242 and 243: 34) ktalakás%tu /k-ta-laka-s"tu-li
Page 244 and 245: harmony with the root (Table 2.9 co
Page 246 and 247: Table 6.9 Valence-changing subzone
Page 248 and 249: stress may fall include the encliti
Page 250 and 251: 42) "aalantuunú n k"tatá /#aa=la-
Page 252 and 253: questions about the usefulness of c
Page 254 and 255: Caballero, Gabriela. 2008. Choguita
Page 256 and 257: Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languag
Page 258 and 259: Appendix A. Filomeno Mata Totonac a
Page 260 and 261: -maana PROG3 Progressive aspect, 3r
Page 262 and 263: tan- NC Numeral classifier §3.6.2
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The phonology and morphology of Filomeno Mata Totonac

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