The phonology and morphology of Filomeno Mata Totonac

34) ktalakás%tu
/k-ta-laka-s"tu-li&/
1SUB-INC-FACE-out-PFTV
‘I stuck my head out (the window)’
klakatás%tu
/k-laka-ta-s"tu-li&/
1SUB-FACE-INC-out-PFTV
‘I got it out of my eye’
35) maakinkánuu
/maa-kinka-nuu-li&/
‘she took it out of his nose’
/kinkamáanuu/
/kinka-maa-nuu-li&/
‘she took his nose out of (the hole)’
Unusually for this language, Zone 1 is coterminous with a subzone defined by the causativized
stem, to be discussed in the next subsection. Following that, another type of subzone delineated
by harmony processes will be covered.
6.5.1.1 Causativized stem. Spanning the entire inner fixed/scopal order zone is a subzone
defined by causativization constructions. The causative is actually a circumfix; while some
verbs may be causativized by causative maa- in P5 alone, or transitivized by transitivizer –ii in
S1 alone, many verbs require both affixes acting together for causativization (see §5.4.1). In
addition, when certain intransitive and most transitive verbs are causativized, dative –nii (suffix
position 3) is required to mark a new or second object, as in link# ‘he jumps’ and maa-link#-níi
‘he makes him jump’. If this entire span from P5 to S3 is considered the causativized subzone,
then it is coterminous with Zone 1, which can be defined as the causativized stem.
6.5.1.2 Harmony subzone. In FM Totonac very few assimilatory morphophonological processes
occur at boundaries where morphemes are brought together. With one exception, all such
processes occur within the inner harmonic subzone posited here, pointing to a tighter bonding of
morphemes in this inner part of the verb. The zone includes the first three prefix positions and
the first two suffix positions as shown in Table 6.6, and the processes are dorsal harmony pre-
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