The phonology and morphology of Filomeno Mata Totonac

2.3.3.3 /#/ ......................................................................................................16
2.3.3.4 /x/ ......................................................................................................17
2.3.4 Nasals .........................................................................................................17
2.3.4.1 /m/ .....................................................................................................17
2.3.4.2 /n/ ......................................................................................................18
2.3.5 Approximants .............................................................................................18
2.3.5.1 /l/ ......................................................................................................18
2.3.5.2 /w/ .....................................................................................................19
2.3.5.3 /y/ ......................................................................................................19
2.3.6 Tap /$/ ......................................................................................................20
2.4 Vowel phonemes and allophones ........................................................................20
2.4.1 /a/, /aa/ ........................................................................................................21
2.4.2 /i/, /ii/ ..........................................................................................................22
2.4.3 /u/, /uu/ .......................................................................................................22
2.4.4 /e/ ................................................................................................................22
2.4.5 /o/ ...............................................................................................................23
2.4.6 Vowel variation ..........................................................................................23
2.5 Phonotactics and syllable structure .....................................................................23
2.5.1 Initial consonant clusters ............................................................................24
2.5.2 Final consonant clusters .............................................................................25
2.5.3 Root harmony constraints ..........................................................................27
2.5.4 Approximant restrictions ...........................................................................27
2.5.5 Nasal restrictions ........................................................................................28
2.5.6 Glottal stop restrictions ..............................................................................28
2.5.7 Root vs. affix structure ...............................................................................28
2.6 Phonological processes .......................................................................................28
2.6.1 General constraints on consonants .............................................................28
2.6.1.1 Nasal deletion and assimilation ........................................................29
2.6.1.1.1 Nasal degemination ..................................................................29
2.6.1.1.2 Nasal-consonant constraints .....................................................29
2.6.1.1.3 Final nasal deletion ..................................................................30
2.6.1.2 Lateral spirantization ........................................................................31
2.6.2 Morphologically conditioned constraints on consonants ...........................32
2.6.2.1 Uvular harmony ................................................................................32
2.6.2.2 Consonant degemination ...................................................................33
2.6.2.2.1 False geminates ........................................................................33
2.6.2.2.2 Degemination ...........................................................................34
2.6.2.2.2.1 Degemination through deletion .......................................34
2.6.2.2.2.2 Degemination through preaspiration ...............................34
2.6.2.2.2.3 Degemination through dissimilation ...............................35
2.6.2.3 Vowel epenthesis in CCCC consonant clusters ................................35
2.6.3 General constraints on vowels ...................................................................35
2.6.3.1 High vowel lowering .........................................................................35
2.6.3.2 Low vowel centralization ..................................................................37
2.6.4 Morphologically-conditioned constraints on vowels .................................37
2.6.4.1 No hiatus ...........................................................................................37
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