The phonology and morphology of Filomeno Mata Totonac

228) Examples of sound and manner adverbials
pí"i-pí"i mí" ‘he came rolling down like a cylinder’
qólo-qólo ’á" ‘he went rolling down like a sphere’
s%úun-s%úun án ‘it moves rapidly through the air (hummingbird)’
kápa-kápa mín ‘it comes clopping like a burro’
tánc%aka-tánc%aka ’án ‘he goes lumbering along’
swínki-swínki ’án ‘an emaciated person walks along’
lúnkus%-lúnkus% tlaawán ‘he limps along’
tónq"-tónq" mí" ‘he came walking heavily’
pím-pím ’á" ‘it ran away hopping’
tíi"-tíi" míma ‘water comes running rapidly’
Since each of the reduplicants carries primary stress, they seem likely to be independent words.
They usually accompany third person singular forms that have no inflection. However,
sometimes they are used with first, second or third person plural subjects, and in these cases they
occur inside the person prefixes without primary stress:
228) Examples of word internal sound and manner adverbials
k-pili-pili-’án ‘I went rolling down like a cylinder’
ta-kapa-kapa-mí" ‘they came clopping along’
It has not been possible to determine the position in which these manner adverbials occur when
incorporated into the verb, but it cannot be preverb position 15 where many other adverbials
occur (§5.5.5). They occur closer to the verb root than 3SUB.pl ta- of position 11, but I have no
examples of their co-occurrence with any derivational morpheme in positions 1-10. Perhaps an
additional position should be posited for the reduplicated adverbials just inside position 11
5.6 The morphology of verb sequences. Two or more verbs can occur in sequence in a sentence
in FM Totonac, either as verb compounds or as a complement-taking verb and its complement. A
basic overview of these constructions and their associated morphology is provided in this
section.
5.6.1 Verb compounds. As noted in §4.2, a verb stem in FM Totonac may be simple or
compound. Verb compounds are morphological constructions of two or occasionally three verb
stems. Each of these is the phonologically full form of an independently occurring verb stem.
Inflectional morphemes attach on the periphery of the compound verb just as with a simple verb
stem, such that both verbs share all TAM and person agreement marking. Because fully inflected
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