The phonology and morphology of Filomeno Mata Totonac

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124) liitas%tú s%tíilan /lii-ta=s"tu-aa s"tíilan/ INST-MID-leave-IMPF chicken ‘he turns into a chicken’ None of the transitive verbs in my database with the instrumental prefix have an animate instrumental referent. There are therefore no formal criteria to determine if lii- increases the valence in these cases, or if it simply adds the equivalent of a prepositional phrase, as in the intransitive examples in examples 120-124. The following are examples of intrumentalized transitive verbs. 125) liimaqs%úu s%mánku kuc%ílo /lii-maq-s"uu-aa s"-manku kuc"ílo/ INST-BODY-peel-IMPF 3POSS-mango knife ‘she peels the mangos with a knife’ 126) kiliimaapuuwás%ni m pála /kin-lii-maa-puu=was"=nii-li& pala/ 1OBJ-INST-CAUS-dig.hole-DAT-PFTV shovel ‘he made me dig a hole with a shovel’ 127) tiiliipa"nán líipa"n&i& /tii-lii-pa#-nán-aa líipa#n&i&/ PASS-INST-sweep-IND.O-IMPF ‘he passes by to sweep with a broom’ 128) kliiwaa"i n qeela n kuc%ára /k-lii-waa-li& qeel’a& n kuc"ara/ 1SUB-INST-eat-PFTV atole spoon ‘I ate corn gruel with a spoon’ 129) liitiitamawáni /lii-tii-tamawa-nii-li&/ INST-PASS-buy.it-DAT ‘he passed by to buy it for him with (money)’ ! "*,!
With many intransitives, in summary, the instrumental applicatives transitivize the verb by adding an instrument, means or cause object argument to the core; when this object has an animate referent, it is marked on the verb with an object affix or the dative. Other intransitives and possibly all transitives fail to gain valence through derivation with the instrumental. In these cases lii- and puu- seem to merely license an oblique argument without bringing it into the core. In these latter cases, the instrumental cannot be said to act as an applicative. 5.4.2.4 Locatives kaa-, puu-. The two locative prefixes, kaa- and puu-, only rarely serve as applicatives. The semantics of the two locatives is different, with kaa- meaning ‘in or at a place’, ‘on a surface’, and puu- glossed as ‘inside or within a place’, ‘inside (something)’. The semantics of –puu are closely related to the related instrumental prefix described in §5.4.2.3; they differ in their position in the verb (see Appendix B). Both may originate in the body part prefix meaning ‘inside part’; such a derivation is one of the traits common in the Meso-American linguistic area defined by Campbell, Kaufman and Smith-Stark (1986). Either locative can be affixed to a verb of any class, with the location they license generally remaining an oblique argument. Given the nature of the locative, the argument they mark is inanimate in the overwhelming majority of the cases. Some examples of the locatives’ non-applicative use with positionals, statives and intransitives are: 130) puuxúu /puu-xuu-aa/ LOC-inside-IMPF ‘it’s inside (its case)’ 131) púuyaa s%ánati& /puu-yaa-li& s"ánati& / LOC-standing-PFTV flower ‘the flower stood in (a vase)’ 132) puumaakú*u& /puu-maa-aa-ku’u&/ LOC-lying-STILL-IMPF ‘(the cornfield) is still sown’ 133) puuwáka /puu-waka-aa/ LOC-up-IMPF ‘it’s hanging up inside (a treetop) ! "*-!
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The phonology and morphology of Fil
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Abstract The phonology and morpholo
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments..
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2.6.4.2 Vowel harmony .............
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3.3.11.2 Locative nominalizations .
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5.3.2.9 Enclitic adverbials YA -ts%
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References ........................
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List of Maps and Tables Map 1.1 Fil
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List of Abbreviations 1exc First pe
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduc
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soon, and this language could near
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1.5.1 Glottalization/laryngealizati
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Chapter 2 The phonology of Filomeno
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Table 2.3 Consonant features Root p
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seem to be mutually necessary for p
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2.3.1.5 /#/. The glottal stop is a
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13) Examples of /c"/ [c"an] ‘s/he
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17) Examples of /#/ [#áq%aat h i&]
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21) Examples of /l/ [laaqtsín] ‘
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Vowels never occur word-initially;
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2.4.5 /o/. /o/ is a mid-back vowel
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"panóq h o& ‘loose-fitting’ "t
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’aqoNqs" ‘he braids it’ "qooN
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2.6.1.1 Nasal deletion and assimila
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2.6.1.2 Lateral spirantization. Syl
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There are a number of roots with un
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2.6.2.2.2.3 Degemination through di
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(including -qe’e and -qo’o). In
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96) /maa-c"uku-ii/ 97) /maa-#tata-i
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For other speakers, vowel harmony c
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122)/waa-nan-niita&-[cg] 2 / 123) /
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2.6.4.4.3.3 -ni! suffixes. Two nomi
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consonant, and don’t protect fina
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165) /ta-akta-aa-c"a’a&/ MV-desce
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fully deleted phonologically (see
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of words I have included as followi
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e followed only by a deictic (these
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196)/laa-laaqtsin-paa-titi&/ 197) /
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likely to show stress shift are the
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Declarative: [tá’ii s"ánati gab
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Table 2.12 Major and derived color
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Table 2.14 Sound and manner of moti
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colonialization. This would be afte
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212) Examples of loan words with li
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piritóra veladora candle pulátu p
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penultimate stress patterns, derive
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3.3.1.1 Plural affixes. Two general
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3.3.1.3 Agentive plural nouns. Besi
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4) lak-sáasti n tamáqn&u& PL-new
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11) Possessed-Possessor examples s%
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Table 3.7 Body part prefixes laqa-
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3.3.5.1 Locative ‘case’. While
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3.3.8 Derogatory derivation. A dero
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34) maya=séqeti& ‘nothing but gr
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The verbal derivational affixes inv
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Table 3.14 Locative nominalizations
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When possessed, this class of deriv
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3.3.11.6. ‘Ought to’ constructi
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49) s%-lii-ta-wilí-nii-ti& 3POSS-P
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3.4.1.2 Adjectives with optional =w
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Table 3.25 Reduplication in adjecti
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Of note is the fact that the number
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Chapter 4 Verbal Inflection 4.1 Int
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5) /k-maa-aa/ kmaa ‘I am lying do
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4.4 Inflectional categories. As sho
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Table 4.4 Overview of inflectional
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4.7.1.1.1 ka- & negative future. To
Page 136 and 137: 4.7.1.2 Counterexpectational. The c
Page 138 and 139: 4.7.2.2 Perfective aspect. The perf
Page 140 and 141: ongoing ‘right now’. Progressiv
Page 142 and 143: 51) kwésa naktaayáa /kwesa na-k-
Page 144 and 145: 4.8.1 Subject inflection. The subje
Page 146 and 147: 4.8.1.2 Second person subject. Seco
Page 148 and 149: Besides glottalization and the 2SUB
Page 150 and 151: 85) taqamaanamáana /ta-qamaa-nan-m
Page 152 and 153: semantically required, in the case
Page 154 and 155: Table 4.9 Subject and object inflec
Page 156 and 157: complete linear structure of the FM
Page 158 and 159: 5.2.4 Negative intensifiers. The th
Page 160 and 161: 5.3.1.2 Desiderative mood. The suff
Page 162 and 163: 5.3.2.3 Inceptive/Middle voice ta-.
Page 164 and 165: 34) s%waayampaaqóotits’ /s"-waa-
Page 166 and 167: 44) lamahkú*u& /la-maa-kú'u&/ liv
Page 168 and 169: eplaced by an idiosyncratic constru
Page 170 and 171: 59) kaamaaqamáani /kaa-maa-qamaana
Page 172 and 173: As example 67 shows, ditransitives
Page 174 and 175: 78) kintiimaamaatsamaníini s%maa
Page 176 and 177: 81) ktaamináa /k-taa-min-aa/ 1SUB-
Page 178 and 179: Table 5.1 Comitative Paradigm with
Page 180 and 181: 92) "aakatsiiní /#aa=katsii-nii-aa
Page 182 and 183: However, in the case of a causative
Page 184 and 185: 113) liitayáa /lii-ta=yaa-aa/ INST
Page 188 and 189: 134) kaawakayáa /kaa-waka-aa/ LOC-
Page 190 and 191: 146) kaac%eeqée /kaa-c"eeqee-aa/ L
Page 192 and 193: ’aq#c"aa- ’aq#c"áan upper shou
Page 194 and 195: The BPPs comprise one of the very f
Page 196 and 197: 167) kinc%aas%aamá /kin-c"aa-s"ama
Page 198 and 199: 5.4.4 Valence-decreasing constructi
Page 200 and 201: A few verbs change meaning in a non
Page 202 and 203: Table 5.3 Transitive verbs taking m
Page 204 and 205: ta-qolu it rolls maa-qolu s/he roll
Page 206 and 207: eflexive verbs (see §4.8.2.1), the
Page 208 and 209: 207) kkiitamaqskux"i& /k-kii-ta-maq
Page 210 and 211: THERE.2SUB is identical to the 2 nd
Page 212 and 213: 224) "aaliwána k"tatá ’ás%ni n
Page 214 and 215: verbs are possible without any infl
Page 216 and 217: There are also several verb compoun
Page 218 and 219: 5.6.2 Verb sequencing constructions
Page 220 and 221: 254) kkatsiiníimaa qa"tawaqá /k-k
Page 222 and 223: 268) tsúku s%tastiwí /tsuku-li& s
Page 224 and 225: Table 6.1 Verbal zones based on aff
Page 226 and 227: I categorized the responses of each
Page 228 and 229: 2) kkaakiilaknikwilíiw /k-kaa-kii-
Page 230 and 231: 8) talaaliis%kilí n kiw’i& /ta-l
Page 232 and 233: 6.2.3.5 Position 8 instrumentals. A
Page 234 and 235: able to appear to the right of the
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One of my consultants perceived a s
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s%aktsaqsakutunpará /s"a-k-tsaqsa-
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Table 6.4 2 nd subject morphology s
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34) ktalakás%tu /k-ta-laka-s"tu-li
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harmony with the root (Table 2.9 co
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Table 6.9 Valence-changing subzone
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stress may fall include the encliti
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42) "aalantuunú n k"tatá /#aa=la-
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questions about the usefulness of c
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Caballero, Gabriela. 2008. Choguita
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Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languag
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Appendix A. Filomeno Mata Totonac a
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-maana PROG3 Progressive aspect, 3r
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tan- NC Numeral classifier §3.6.2
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The phonology and morphology of Filomeno Mata Totonac

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