Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air ...

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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE developing, testing, and deploying rapid reload launchers and multiple, independently guided warheads and testing of ABMs against strategic missiles. The treaty could be revoked by giving six months’ notice. In 1974, the two countries amended the treaty by reducing the permitted sites for each country from two to one. The Soviets chose to defend Moscow, the United States to continue to work on its Grand Forks, North Dakota, site. 42 The life of the US system was brief. The Air Force declared the installation at Grand Forks operational in September 1975 (fig. 85). By this time, the military decided that the system was expensive and of dubious value. Therefore, the next February, the JCS ordered the site deactivated, leaving the United States without an active ABM system. Safeguard cost the United States about $6 billion. Meanwhile, the Soviets continued to operate their one system in the Moscow area. 43 Figure 85. US ABM site at Grand Forks, North Dakota. The 16 round objects in the foreground are Sprint silos, the longish objects behind them are the Spartan silos, and the pyramid-shaped structure to the rear is the missile site radar. (Reprinted from http://www.paineless.id.au/ missile/Hsafeguard.html.) 195
BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE The American ABM appeared dead. It would not come back to life for another decade. Ballistic Missile Defense: Rebirth Ballistic missile defense continued after the demise of Safeguard, albeit on a much-reduced scale. Funding dropped from about $1 billion a year in the late 1960s to about a tenth of that by 1980. It would take major events to reverse this trend. Meanwhile, one effort attempted to connect the BMD with the defense of Minuteman sites. It began in 1971 as Hardsite Defense, a prototype program built around a modified Sprint and hardened silos. From this, the Army proposed a system it called LoAD (low altitude defense) that featured a high-acceleration missile armed with a nuclear warhead like the Sprint but considerably smaller (fig. 86). 44 It came into view linked to the siting of the MX (missile experimental) ICBM that followed the Minuteman series in a basing proposal, known as Multiple Protective Shelter (MPS). 45 The defenders would bury a mobile BMD system in a tunnel, one defensive unit per ICBM complex, which they believed would effectively double the number of missiles the attacker would have to use to ensure destruction of the ICBMs. There were major obstacles to this arrangement. First, this scheme could require modification or abrogation of the ABM treaty because of LoAD’s mobility. Second, an October 1980 Army study estimated its cost at $8.6 billion over 10 years. Third, MPS required a massive land area, sparking resistance by the residents and congressmen of the affected areas. 46 Pres. Ronald Reagan created a commission, chaired by retired US Air Force lieutenant general Brent Scowcroft, to study the issues of ICBM basing and updating of strategic forces. The report in April 1983 concluded that no current BMD technology appeared to combine “practicability, survivability, low cost and technical effectiveness sufficient to justify proceeding beyond the stage of technology development.” 47 Partially because of this report, the government cancelled the BMD system for MPS in 1984 and decided to put the new missiles into silos that had housed Minuteman III missiles. 48 Reagan ended this one BMD scheme and went on to start another more far-reaching one. 196
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Report Documentation Page Form Appr
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Air University Library Cataloging D
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Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER .
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CONTENTS Chapter Page 7 BALLISTIC M
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CONTENTS Figure Page 30 George Pred
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CONTENTS Figure Page 70 Blowpipe .
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Foreword Dr. Kenneth Werrell’s hi
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About the Author Dr. Kenneth P. Wer
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PREFACE excluded from the original
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PREFACE always been a factor in air
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Artillery Institute
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ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD
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Figure 7. British 40 mm light antia
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES American air
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES company deliv
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES (discussed la
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES flak rockets
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES 1953, the rat
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES to 1,285 in J
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 40. Ar
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES cember 1958,
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Figure 42. Nike Hercules. The Nike
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Airmen test-f
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Bomarc failed
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Despite knowl
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 47. Ha
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Army decided
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES The third fam
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES with both les
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES that fired ov
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 53. Br
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES The two-decad
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES A. H. Peterso
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES “SAMs Spur
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Chapter 3 Airmen versus Guerrillas:
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS the next y
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS war with t
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS Figure 56.
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS firings fr
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS and Navy c
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS American A
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS but modifi
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS In all, du
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS least an e
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS War Vietna
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS D.C.: Depa
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Page 238 and 239: Chapter 6 Ground-Based Air Defense
Page 240 and 241: GROUND-BASED AIR DEFENSE SINCE 1990
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE IN THE 19
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Chapter 8 Summary, Trends, and Conc
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SUMMARY, TRENDS, AND CONCLUSIONS ev
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SUMMARY, TRENDS, AND CONCLUSIONS te
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SUMMARY, TRENDS, AND CONCLUSIONS EC
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Index A-1, 128, 227-28, 232 A-4, 12
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INDEX Convair, 98 Crotale, 158 D-da
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INDEX Gulf of Tonkin incident, 115
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INDEX Remagen, 24, 57, 270 RF-4C, 1
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INDEX SAM, 34, 74, 81-82, 84, 87, 9
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Archie to SAM A Short Operational H
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