Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air ...

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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE IN THE 1990S limited deployment in another three years. Thus, the United States might field BMD by the year 2002 or 2003. 7 TMD Hardware: PAC-3, MEADS, Arrow, Naval Developments, and THAAD The increased attention led to progress, the baseline of which is the Army’s Patriot system. The Army planned a number of incremental improvements of missile, launcher, and radar to field the PAC-3 (Patriot Advanced Capability) version. This began with a quick-reaction program (improved radar sensing and remote launch capability) deployed in 1993. PAC-3 increased the area it could defend, previously about 10 by 20 kilometers (km), by a factor of five. At about the same time, the developers improved the missile with the guidance enhanced missile (GEM) that increased range by 30 to 40 percent. The Army began to deploy it and the next improvement, Configuration 1, that consisted of improved battle management, command, control, communications, and intelligence. 8 The most noticeable change was to replace the missile. The existing Patriot missile with its blast-fragmentation warhead and improved multimode seeker was matched against an entirely different warhead concept, hit to kill. The Army had begun work on this idea, most notably in the Flexible Lightweight Agile Guided Experiment (FLAGE) in 1983. In May 1987, FLAGE successfully intercepted a Lance ballistic missile. The Army upgraded FLAGE to extend the missile’s range and speed in a follow-on design called Extended Range Intercept Technology (ERINT). It used a hit-to-kill mechanism along with a lethality enhancer that dispensed small pellets. The Loral-Vought missile flew a number of successful intercept tests during 1992–94. ERINT competed with the improved Patriot missile for use in the PAC-3 configuration. Patriot’s multi-mode seeker enabled the missile to hit a target Patriot in July 1992, and it apparently performed better against cruise missiles, aircraft, and drones than did ERINT. Nevertheless, in early 1994 the Army picked ERINT as its PAC-3 missile. The Army stated that ERINT had greater range, accuracy, and lethality than its rival. One source claims it had about 10 times the footprint of 239
BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE IN THE 1990S the PAC-2 system. 9 As the new missile was considerably smaller than the previous Patriot missile, four could be fitted into each Patriot tube, allowing each launcher to carry 16 instead of four of the older missiles. ERINT also did considerably better than the multimode seeker in simulated tests against biological and chemical warheads. Its IOC was scheduled for late 1998 or 1999. 10 The PAC-3 program encountered scheduling delays, cost overruns, and technical challenges in the 1990s. By mid-1999, it was two years behind schedule and 37 percent over budget. This forced the Army to cut the buy by more than 50 percent, resulting in cost escalation from $2 million to $4–$5 million per missile. The PAC-3 achieved mixed testing results, although most tests were successful. This encouraged the government to authorize limited low-rate production and schedule IOC for 2001. A decision on full-rate production was scheduled for late 2002. Full deployment is not expected before 2005. The Army intends to keep the weapon in inventory until 2025, with planned upgrades of ground equipment. 11 Another system later upgraded to handle BMD is the Hawk. By the 1990s, it was no longer in the Army inventory but was in service with over 15 countries as well as with the Marine Corps. The Marines lacked the Patriot and required a stopgap TMD until they fielded the medium extended air defense system (MEADS) in the 21st century. As early as 1988, the Hawk demonstrated BMD capabilities against a simulated ballistic missile target. The Army started efforts to modify it for the TMD role and then passed it along to the Marines in 1992. There were two principal modifications. The first extended radar range to 400 nm and up to 500,000 feet, and the second increased warhead size and used a new fuze. Another development was to make the system interoperable with the upgraded Patriot system, allowing the Hawk to share data from the Patriot’s more sophisticated and capable electronics. Cued by Patriot radar in May 1991, the system intercepted a ballistic missile. In September 1994, the modified system, called Improved Hawk II, downed two Lance ballistic missiles (fig. 95). The Marines modified Hawks to this new standard by 1999. 12 240
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Report Documentation Page Form Appr
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Air University Library Cataloging D
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Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER .
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CONTENTS Chapter Page 7 BALLISTIC M
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CONTENTS Figure Page 30 George Pred
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CONTENTS Figure Page 70 Blowpipe .
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Foreword Dr. Kenneth Werrell’s hi
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About the Author Dr. Kenneth P. Wer
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PREFACE excluded from the original
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PREFACE always been a factor in air
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Artillery Institute
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ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE THROUGH WORLD
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Figure 7. British 40 mm light antia
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES American air
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES company deliv
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES (discussed la
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES flak rockets
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES 1953, the rat
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES to 1,285 in J
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 40. Ar
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES cember 1958,
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Figure 42. Nike Hercules. The Nike
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Airmen test-f
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Bomarc failed
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Despite knowl
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 47. Ha
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Army decided
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES The third fam
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES with both les
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES that fired ov
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES Figure 53. Br
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES The two-decad
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES A. H. Peterso
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FROM GUNS TO MISSILES “SAMs Spur
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Chapter 3 Airmen versus Guerrillas:
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS the next y
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS war with t
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS Figure 56.
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS firings fr
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS American A
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS but modifi
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS In all, du
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS War Vietna
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS D.C.: Depa
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AIRMEN VERSUS GUERRILLAS 97, 121; a
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Chapter 4 Operations between Vietna
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OPERATIONS BETWEEN VIETNAM AND THE
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Chapter 5 Ballistic Missile Defense
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE Army cons
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BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE Figure 80
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Figure 81. Spartan launch. The Spar
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Page 240 and 241: GROUND-BASED AIR DEFENSE SINCE 1990
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Page 264 and 265: Figure 96. Arrow launch.The Arrow i
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Page 298 and 299: Index A-1, 128, 227-28, 232 A-4, 12
Page 300 and 301: INDEX Convair, 98 Crotale, 158 D-da
Page 302 and 303: INDEX Gulf of Tonkin incident, 115
Page 304 and 305: INDEX Remagen, 24, 57, 270 RF-4C, 1
Page 306 and 307: INDEX SAM, 34, 74, 81-82, 84, 87, 9
Page 308: Archie to SAM A Short Operational H
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